Basic life suport (1).pptx...................

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1. First Aid Definition Initial assistance given to a person suddenly taken ill or injured before the arrival of ambulance, doctor or other qualified medical personnel” “…provision of initial care for an illness or injury” This means that first aid can be anything from putting a plaster to saving someone’s life You do not have to be a health practitioner to provide first aid.

2. Aims of first aid Broadly, there are three main aims when administering first aid: P reserve life P revent deterioration :worsening of the condition (if possible): P romote recovery These are also known as the “three Ps”

3. Preserve life Carrying out emergency first aid procedures. E.g.: CPR, abdominal thrust Protect oneself from danger Protect the client from danger

4. Prevent deterioration Preventing further injuries M ake the area as safe as possible and remove any dangers

5. Promote recovery Arrange prompt emergency medical help Doing the right things you help make the patient better Preventing complications

6. Roles of a first aider Manage incident and ensure continuing safety for themselves, bystanders and casualty Assess casualties and find out the nature and cause of their injuries Arrange for further medical help or other emergencies to attend

7. Roles of a first aider Priorities casualties according to need Provide appropriate first aid as trained If able, make notes/observations on casualties Fill out paperwork as required Provide handover when further medical help arrives

8. First aid priorities Assess situation quickly and calmly; Protect yourself and casualty from danger Prevent cross infection between the first aider and casualty Give early treatment and treat casualties with life threatening conditions first . Comfort and reassure casualties at all times where possible Assess the casualty; identify the nature of injury/ illness affecting a casualty . Arrange for medical help

9. First Aid priorities Assess situation quickly and calmly; Be calm Assess risks (to your self and others) Assess the cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness. Assess the number of victims. Build and maintain trust Treat life threatening conditions first Call for appropriate emergency help Remember your needs

10. First Aid priorities… Protect yourself and casualty from danger Identify any safety risks and assess resources available Assess situation, evaluate the three S’s Safety Dangers, do they still exist? Protective clothes? Scene Factors involved in the incident Mechanisms involved in injury Casualties present Potential injuries Situation What happened, people involved and their age

11. Always be aware of potential dangers at an incident (e.g: traffic, fire, electricity) Never put yourself or other bystanders in danger You are the most important person If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back and call for emergency help

12. First aid priorities cont… Prevent cross infection between the first aider and casualty Dispose all waste safely Do not touch wounds with bare hands Cover cuts and grazes before attending to patients Do not breathe, sneeze or cough over a wound while attending to a casualty.

13. Basic infection control Various diseases can be transmitted via blood and body fluids NB; HIV and Hepatitis B & C precautions If possible, always wear disposable gloves when dealing with bodily fluids This is not always practical! You can improvise and use anything to create a barrier. e.g. a plastic bag Ensure any cuts/open injuries to your hands are covered with waterproof plasters or dressings. Wash your hands with soap and warm water after dealing with a casualty

14. First Aid Priorities… Give early treatment and treat casualties with life threatening conditions first. Triage; dynamic process of prioritizing casualties for treatment and evacuation of wounded within the limits of situation and resources. People walking towards you- least priority 3 People who can move about but do not talk- priority 2 No action, cry for help priority 1 5 . Comfort and reassure casualties at all times where possible

15. Assess the casualty; identify the nature of injury/ illness affecting a casualty. Primary survey Response Effective circulation – check the carotid pulse Clear Airway-check for any obstructions or secretions and clear, position appropriately Adequate Breathing – assess for breathing pattern, respiratory rate and intervene Look for any signs of shock, monitor, Intervene by positioning or arresting any bleeding. Determine need for transport or calling for help Check for spine cord injury

16. Assessment of casualty cont….. Secondary survey Rapid Head-to toe examination for any DCAP-BTLS- Deformity/Discolorations, Contusions/Crepitus, Abrasions/Avulsions, Puncture/penetration, Burns/Bruises, Tenderness, Lacerations and swellings/Symmetry Taking History by using SAMPLE acronym, Vital signs If time allows focused History

17. Assessment of casualty cont…. Tertiary survey Environmental clues Continuous monitoring of casualty

18. First Aid Priorities cont… Arrange for medical help Always give the following information Name and telephone number Precise location of the incident Type of incident Seriousness of incident Age and number of casualties Condition of casualties Any hazards at the incident (….fire, leaking gas, spilt oil,etc )

19. Legal and Ethical Issues in First Aid No legal obligation to aid a stranger. Duty to act for those in certain occupations or professions. Follow accepted guidelines. “Reasonable-man” test- Did the First Aider act the same way a normal, prudent person with similar training would have acted under the same circumstances? Provide only the level of care you are trained to provide.

20. Legal and Ethical Issues in F irst A id Do not put your own life or safety in jeopardy. Good Samaritan laws protect first aiders. Obtain consent. Actual consent- Informed consent Implied consent- Assumption that a victim of life-threatening injury or illness would give consent Minor’s consent- The right of consent given to a parent or guardian Explain treatments and involve victim in decisions where possible

21. Chain of Survival In order for a person to survive Early Access “9-911” Early First Aid/CPR You Early Defibrillation EMS on Scene Early Advanced Care Hospital

22. 22 Giving First Aid RAP CABH R is for Responsiveness Is the victim conscious? Touch their shoulder, ask if they are alright. Ask if they need help. If they say no, then proceed no further If yes, or no response, then proceed to A

23. 23 Giving First Aid RAP CABH A is for Activate EMS or 911

24. 24 When To Move An Injured Person P is for Position Only re-position the victim if the victim is in further danger in their present location. And / or there does not seem to be spinal injury and additional care requires moving them.

25. 25 If there are suspected spinal injuries, do not move the victim (except when the victim is in a life threatening situation). Explain when an injured person should and should not be moved?

26. 26 C is for circulation Four Steps of Victim Assessment If there is not a pulse, then this person needs CPR. The best place to check for a pulse is the carotid artery along the side of the neck along the windpipe . Use the mnemonic “ CABH ”

27. 27 Four Steps of Victim Assessment A is for airway -check to see if the airway is blocked.

28. 28 B is for breathing Four Steps of Victim Assessment Look, listen and feel by watching the chest and placing your cheek a few inches above the mouth of the victim to sense any movement of air. If the victim is not breathing, they may need their head repositioned .

29. Assessing Accident sites Accident : Event resulting in threat to a victim’s life that may result in death or disability if no interventions are instituted early Mass Casualty incident : Any event resulting in a number of victims large enough to disrupt the normal course of emergency and health care services Casualty management: Management of accident victim or victims of a mass casualty event Objective is to minimize loss of life and disabilities

30. Approaches to Accident management “Scoop and Run” Classical Approach Casualty Management System

31. Scoop and Run Most common Does not require specific technical ability from rescuers Justified for small numbers of victims occurring near a hospital Involves evacuating casualties from accident site to nearest hospital in shortest time possible Disadvantage May just transfer problem to the hospital 31

32. Classical Approach First responders are trained (basic triage and field care ) First aiders aim to stabilize the victims by applying basic and advanced life support before hospital treatment Disregard the receiving hospitals from the field Disadvantage Quickly result to chaos 32

33. Mass Casualty Management Approach Most sophisticated approach includes pre-established procedures for: a. resource mobilization b. field management c. hospital reception 33

34. Mass Casualty Management Approach Various level of responders are trained Incorporates links between field and health care facilities Command Post Multi- sectoral Response Dependent on the availability of large amounts of human & material resources 34

35. What is Triage ? French word meaning to “Sort” Utilized to identify treatment priorities Process by which a decision is made on which victim receives treatment and which does not Involves identifying four basic priorities of patient treatment and transport 35

36. Priorities Highest Priority Patients that require immediate care and transportation Patients receive treatment at the scene for life threatening injuries First to be sent to available medical facilities Red – Immediate care : Life threatening injuries 36

37. Priorities Intermediate priority Patient treatment and transport can be delayed Yellow: Urgent care: delay treatment and transport up to 4 hours 37

38. Priorities Delayed or Low Priority Referred to as “walking wounded” Injuries require medical care at some point Treatment and transport can be delayed Monitor patients and reassess Green – Walking wounded: delay treatment and transport 24 hours 38

39. Priorities Lowest Priority Patients have either died or are near death If still alive they have suffered severe or serious injuries with little chance of survival When resources are limited, patients must be ignored Black: No care required: patient is dead or near death 39

40. Triaging Assess situation Ensure safe approach and scene survey Activate additional resources Number of victims Size of the incident Requesting more equipment and personnel 40

41. Triaging First Step is to make an announcement for all people able to get up and walk to specific area Allows responder to focus on injured People who successfully move should be tagged “Green” Tell people to look out for each other and notify responders of any significant changes 41

42. Triaging Second step is to conduct an orderly survey of remaining victims Decide how to move through area Perform quick assessment on each person and label or tag No more than 10 seconds per patient 42

43. Triage Correct life threatening : airway or breathing problem and profuse bleeding The objective is to: locate, identify and tag priority one patients who require immediate care and transportation Assess victims’ respiration, pulse and mental status to identify 43

44. On-site T: Acute Non-acute Medical T : Red Yellow Green Black Evacuation T - transport: Red Yellow Green Black Red : transferred as soon as possible to tertiary facilities in an equipped ambulance with medical escort Yellow : after evacuation of Red, without life-threatening problem Green : ‘walking wounded’-to Black : to morgue Forensic Services Public Health & Psycho-Social interventions to relatives/kin 44

45. 45 First Aid Kit Container – To keep all first aid items in one common container. Gauze Pads -To cover wounds and prevent infection. Roll Bandage -To stabilize strains and sprains and cover wounds. Triangular Bandage -To cover wounds and prevent infection Bandages -To stop minor bleeding and prevent infection. Adhesive Tape -To secure bandages to wounds. Antibacterial Ointment -To prevent infection on small cuts Calamine Lotion -To prevent itching. Soap -To clean minor wounds and cuts and to prevent infection. Latex Gloves -To protect the rescuer from infection and blood pathogens. Bandage scissors