Basic Physico-chemical Parameters for Choorna-Analytical Seminar-Dr.Mamta.pptx

Basic Physico-chemical Parameters For Choorna

1. ANALYtical SEMINAR Basic Physicochemical Parameters for Choorna Dr. Mamta Kolte 2 nd yr PG Scholar Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana

2. CONTENTS Basic physico -chemical parameters for Choorna Introduction Objective Principles Materials Required Analytical Procedure Interpretation of results Research update Conclusion 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 2

3. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 3 Foreign matter Loss on drying (moisture) Ash values (total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble) Extractive values (alcohol & water soluble) pH Basic Physicochemical parameters

4. INTRODUCTION The physico -chemical evaluation of Choorna is essential to ensure their identity, purity, stability, and efficacy . Parameters like Foreign matter, Loss on drying (moisture), Ash values (total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble), Extractive values (alcohol & water soluble), and pH provide insight into their quality and shelf life . Here we briefly discuss the significance , standard methods , and scientific interpretations of deviations in these parameters . 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 4 Introduction

5. To understand the methods & techniques of basic physico -chemical tests for Choorna . To interpret the results. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 5 Objective

6. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 6 Definition : Foreign organic matter refers to any part of the medicinal plant or material that does not form a part of the official drug as described in the pharmacopeia. It includes other plant parts or extraneous substances. Principle : The estimation of foreign organic matter is based on the principle of visual inspection and separation . The sample is carefully examined, and any matter other than the defined drug portion is manually separated and quantified. Foreign Organic Matter

7. Calculation Materials Required Glass Slab Lens 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 7

8. Method of testing Weigh 100-500 gm/quantity specified in the individual monograph of the original sample Spread it out in a thin layer over a glass slab Inspect sample with unaided eye/use 6X lens Separate foreign organic matter manually as completely as possible Weigh & determine % 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 8

9. Interpretation of results Acceptable limit of foreign matter is usually not more than 2% w/w. Less than limits – sample passes the test – drug considered pure & acceptable for use More than limits – Sample fails the test - indicates adulteration, contamination, or poor quality control – not acceptable for use 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 9

10. Definition : Test to determine moisture & volatile content in a sample. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 10 LOD (%) = W – W 1 * 100 W W 0: Initial wt. of sample W 1: Wt. of sample after drying Principle The sample is heated at a specific temperature (≈105°C ± 5°C) . Moisture & volatile matter evaporate. Wt. loss = % of moisture + volatile content. Calculation Loss on Drying (Moisture)

11. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 11 Materials Required Electronic weighing machine Silica crucible Electronic hot air oven

12. Method of testing 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 12 Place 1-2 g of the sample in a Silica crucible, accurately weighed Heat it in an electric hot air oven up to 110°C Take a sample weight after 3 hrs The difference in weight is calculated

13. Interpretation of results LOD within limit: Good stability, less microbial growth, no risk of early spoilage. LOD > limits: indicates excess moisture/volatile impurities, reduced shelf life, Susceptibility to fungal/microbial growth, Degradation of active constituents, Altered physical properties (Lump formation) LOD < limits: Over-dying of sample, Possible loss of volatile active constituents, reduced therapeutic efficacy. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 13

14. Definition : Total Ash is the inorganic residue that remains after complete incineration of the plant drug or its formulation at a specified temp. ( 450-600 ° C ). It is expressed as a percentage (w/w) of the air-dried drug. Principle: When a drug sample is incinerated at high temp, all organic matter burns off & volatilizes. This ash value reflects both the intrinsic mineral composition of the drug & any extraneous inorganic contamination. To assess purity, quality, and detect adulteration in crude drug. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 14 Total Ash

15. Material Digital weighing machine Muffle furnace Desiccator Silica crucible Calculation Wt of Ash = Tare wt of crucible – Wt of crucible + Ash % Total Ash = Wt of Ash * 100 Wt of sample 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 15

16. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 16 Method of testing Placed about 2-3g of ground material, accurately wt., or quantity specified in the monograph, in a suitable dish, previously ignited, cooled & weighed. Incinerate material by gradually increasing the heat, not exceeding 450 °C, until free from carbon; cool, & weigh. If a carbon-free ash cannot be obtained, exhaust the charred mass with hot water, collect residue on an ashless filter-paper, incinerate residue & filter-paper, add filtrate, evaporate to dryness,& ignite at a temp. not exceeding 450 °C After ignition is completed, transfer the crucible to the desiccator. Allows to cool to room temp. wt to nearest 0.1mg. Calculate the content in mg of ash per g of air-dried material.

17. Interpretation of results 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 17 High Total Ash Value: Indicates the presence of more inorganic matter. Contamination with extraneous matter (Soil, sand, earthy material). Low Total Ash Value: Determine the purity & quality of crude drugs. Acts as a standard reference for quality control in pharmacopeial monographs.

18. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 18 Definition : It is the part of the total ash that remains Insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) Principle: When the drug is incinerated, all organic matter burns off & inorganic salts remain as Total Ash This total ash is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (Physiological Ash dissolves in acid, Non-physiological siliceous matter remains undissolved) Residue left undissolved in HCL is collected, filtered, ignited, & weighed Acid Insoluble Ash

19. Calculations % Acid Insoluble Ash = wt of Ash * 100 wt of sample Materials 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 19 Digital weighing machine Muffle furnace Desiccator Silica crucible Water bath Measuring cylinder 25ml 2M Hydrochloric Acid Ashless filter paper

20. Method of testing Boil previously obtained Ash with 25 ml of 2M hydrochloric acid for 5 min on water bath, then filtered through ashless filter paper. Collect insoluble matter on ashless filter paper, wash with hot water Keep the filter paper in crucible; ignite in a furnace for 1 hr Cool in a desiccator & weigh Calculate the % of acid insoluble ash with reference to air dry 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 20

21. Interpretation of results Low Acid Insoluble Ash: Drug is clean & free from excess earthy/sandy matter. High Acid Insoluble Ash: Presence of contamination with soil, sand or adulteration. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 21

22. Definition : It is the part of the total ash that is soluble in water. It represents the amount of inorganic salts ( alkali and alkaline earth metals) that dissolve in water. It indicates the presence of water-soluble salts that are naturally present in the plant or added as adulterants. Principle : The difference in weight b/w total ash & the insoluble portion gives the water soluble ash value. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 22 Water Soluble Ash

23. Materials Digital weighing machine Muffle furnace Desiccator Silica crucible Water bath Measuring cylinder 25ml Distilled water Ashless filter paper % of Acid Insoluble Ash = wt of Ash * 100 wt of sample 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 23 Calculation

24. Method of Testing 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 24 Boil the ash for 5 mins with 25ml of water Collect the insoluble matter in an ashless filter paper Wash with hot water & ignite for 15 mins at a temp. not exceeding 450 °C Cool in a desiccator & weigh Subtract the wt. of insoluble matter from the weight of ash; difference in weight represents the water-soluble ash Calculate the % of water-soluble ash with reference to the air-dried drug.

25. Interpretation of results Low Value: Implies substitution or adulteration with earthy matter (Silica, Sand, Soil), which is insoluble in water. Loss of essential inorganic constituents due to improper processing. High Value: Indicate adulteration with soluble inorganic salts (Sodium chloride/other salts) added intentionally. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 25

26. Definition : It is % of constituents in a crude that are soluble in water under specified conditions. It represents the amount of polar constituents like sugar, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, plant acids, etc., that can be extracted with water. Used as a quality control parameter to ensure the presence of water-soluble phytochemicals. Significance : Ensure presence of active polar constituents. Useful for detecting adulteration, substitution, or improper processing of crude drugs. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 26 Water Soluble Extract

27. Materials Calculations Digital weighing machine Stoppered flask Evaporating dish Water bath Measuring cylinder 50ml Chloroform water Water soluble extract = Quantity of residue * 100 wt of extract 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 27

28. Method of testing Macerate 5gm of air-dried drug, coarsely powdered with 100ml of chloroform-water of specified strength in a closed flask for 24hrs Shake frequently during the 1 st 6hrs & allowing to stand for 18hrs Thereafter, rapidly taking precautions against loss of ethanol Evaporate 25ml of filtrate to dryness in a tared flat-bottomed dish Finally, dry at 105°C & weigh the residue Calculate % of alcohol soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 28

29. Interpretation Result Within standard value: Confirms the presence of genuine water-soluble phytoconstituents. Indicates good purity, quality, & proper processing of the drug. > standard value: Adulteration with soluble materials Indicates excessive mucilage/tannins due to poor selection of raw materials. < standard value: Indicates possible adulteration with exhausted, inferior, or earthy materials Reflect loss of active phytochemicals due to improper drying or storage. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 29

30. Definition : It is the % of constituents of a crude drug that are soluble in alcohol. It indicates presence of alcohol-soluble phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, resins, volatile oils, & some flavonoids. Imp. For quality control & to ensure the presence of active secondary metabolites. Significance : Confirm the presence of alcohol-soluble active principles. Helps in differentiating genuine drug from adulterated or substituted ones. Serves as a pharmacopoeial standard for ensuring quality, identity & purity of crude drug. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 30 Alcohol Soluble Extract

31. Calculations Alcohol Soluble extract = Quantity of residue * 100 wt of the extract Materials Digital weighing machine Stoppered flask Evaporating dish Water bath Measuring cylinder Reagents : Ethanol 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 31

32. Method of Testing Macerate 5gm of air-dried, coarsely powdered with 100ml of ethanol of specified strength in a closed flask for 24hrs Shake frequently during 1 st 6hrs & allowing to stand for 18hrs Thereafter, filter rapidly, taking precautions against loss of ethanol Evaporate 25ml of the filtrate to dryness in a tared flat-bottomed dish Finally dry at 105°C & weigh the residue Calculate the % of alcohol soluble extractive with reference to the air dried drug 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 32

33. Definition : A pH meter is an electronic device used to accurately measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution . Principle : It uses a glass electrode (Sensitive to hydrogen ion activity) & a reference electrode. The potential difference b/w these electrodes depends on the H+ ion concentration of the solution. This voltage is measured & converted into pH values using the Nernst equation. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 33 pH Meter

34. Nernst Equation: pH meter Glassware pH 4 buffer, pH 7 buffer, pH 9.2 buffer Materials The potential difference changes with log [H+]. Ph = - log[H+] 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 34

35. Method of Testing Switch on the button wait for Approx. 2 mins Remove the stored water from beaker, wipe electrode with the blotting paper & dry it Measure the pH 4 by taking buffer solution which is pink in colour Adjust meter to read 4 with calibrated 1 knob on left Remove pH 4 buffer & wipe the electrode with blotting paper Measure the pH of 10 buffer which is blue in colour 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 35

36. Cont.. Adjust the meter to red 10 with the calibrated 2 knob on right side Remove pH 10 buffer & wipe electrode with blotting paper Measure the pH of 4 again pH should read 4. if not adjust calibrated 1 knob Return to pH 10 buffer, pH should read 10. If not adjust calibrated 2 knob Then take fresh sample & take 3 readings Average to be calculated 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 36

37. Interpretation result Indicates whether the choorna is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Choorna usually shows a range from slightly acidic to neutral (≈ 5.5 – 7.5), depending on the raw drug composition. Acidic pH (<7): Suggest presence of acidic phytoconstituents (Tannins, phenolic compounds). May enhance preservation action & reduce microbial growth. Neutral to slightly Alkaline (≈ 7-8): Indicates stability & suitability for oral use. Ensure better palatability & safety for long-term administration. Very low (<4) / very high (>9): Indicate contamination, degradation, or adulteration 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 37

38. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 38 TLC/HPTLC HPLC GC-MS AAS XRD SEM ICP-MS Microbial Load Other Physico -chemical & higher Analytical Techniques

39. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 39 Physicochemical parameters ensure quality, purity & safety of choorna . Tests like loss on drying, Ash values, and extractive values help in setting standard limits. These parameters help to identify adulteration, impurities/contamination. Ensures therapeutic efficacy. Provide scientific validation for traditional choorna preparation. Helps in achieving acceptability, reliability & better shelf-life of choorna . Conclusion

40. 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 40 Research Update

41. THANK YOU..! 25-08-2025 Analytical Seminar - Basic Physico-chemical parameters for Choorna 41