Basic Principles of Flight.pptx

flight

1. Basic Principles of Flight

2. Table of Contents Fundamentals of flight Aerodynamics Take-off, flight, and landing Maneuvers, turns and circuit pattern

3. Fundamentals of Flight

4. Forces acting on an airplane

5. There are certain laws of nature or physics that apply to any object that is lifted from the Earth and moved through the air. To analyze and predict airplane performance under various operating conditions, it is important that pilots gain as much knowledge as possible concerning the laws and principles that apply to flight. FORCES ACTING ON THE AIRPLANE IN FLIGHT When in flight, there are certain forces acting on the airplane. It is the primary task of a pilot to control these forces so as to direct the airplane’s speed and flightpath in a safe and efficient manner. To do this the pilot must understand these forces and their effects. Among the aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane during flight, four are considered to be basic because they act upon the airplane during all maneuvers. These basic forces are : •Lift •Weight (Gravity) •Thrust •Drag

6. The basic forces acting on an aeroplane in flight

7. While in steady-state flight , the attitude, direction, and speed of the airplane will remain constant until one or more of the basic forces changes in magnitude. In unaccelerated flight (steady flight) the opposing forces are in equilibrium. Lift and thrust are considered as positive forces, while weight and drag are considered as negative forces, and the sum of the opposing forces is zero. In other words, lift equals weight and thrust equals drag. When pressure is applied to the airplane controls, one or more of the basic forces changes in magnitude and becomes greater than the opposing force, causing the airplane to accelerate or move in the direction of the applied force. For example, if power is applied (increasing thrust) and altitude is maintained, the airplane will accelerate As speed increases, drag increases, until a point is reached where drag again equals thrust, and the airplane will continue in steady flight at a higher speed. As another example, if power is applied while in level flight, and a climb attitude is established, the force of lift would increase during the time back elevator pressure is applied; but after a steady-state climb is established, the force of lift would be approximately equal to the force of weight. The airplane does not climb because lift is greater than in level flight, but because thrust is greater than drag, and because a component of thrust is developed which acts upward, perpendicular to the flightpath.

8. Flight Controls

9. The primary controls are the ailerons, elevator, and the rudder , which provide the aerodynamic force to make the aircraft follow a desired flightpath.

10. Elevator When the pilot moves the controls forward, the elevator surface is deflected downwards. This increases the camber of the horizontal stabilizer resulting in an increase in lift. The additional lift on the tail surface causes rotation around the lateral axis of the aircraft and results in a nose down change in aircraft attitude. The opposite occurs with an aft movement of the flight deck controls.

11. Aileron Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are attached to the outboard trailing edge of each wing and move in the opposite direction from each other. Ailerons are connected by cables, bellcranks, pulleys, and/or tubes a control stick.

12. Rudder The increase in camber of the wing results in an increase in lift but this, in turn, also causes an increase in drag. This added drag causes the wing to slow down slightly resulting in rotation, referred to as yaw, around the vertical axis. To overcome this yaw rudder input is required while entering and exiting a turn. To minimise the amount of adverse yaw produced during a turn.

13. Aerodynamics

14. Bernoulli’s Principle Newton’s Law Lift Airfoil Aerodynamics Airfoil Nomenclature Propeller Aerodynamics

15. From the shape of the airfoil it is clear that the upper surface is more curved than the lower surface. This means the particles on the upper surface should travel a greater distance than the particles on the lower surface. Since both particles should reach the trailing edge at the same time, the upper surface particles should have more velocity than the lower surface particles. This means that according to Bernoulli's principle, there is more pressure at the bottom and less pressure at the top surface. The difference in the pressure generates lift. How the aircraft wing generates Lift?

16. Airfoil Nomenclature

17. How the propeller generates Lift and Thrust?

18. Take off, Flight & Landing

19. To be a competent pilot first requires that the pilot is skilled in the basics of fundamental airmanship. This requires mastery of the four basic flight maneuvers upon which all flying tasks are based: straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents.

20. Maneuvers, turns and circuit pattern