Basic Statistics, Biostatistics, and Frequency Distribution

In this presentation, I have explained the concepts in simple terms to make them easier to understand. The topics covered include:

📌 Basic Statistics – Fundamental concepts used to analyze and interpret data.
📌 Biostatistics – The application of statistics in biological and medical research.
📌 Frequency Distribution – Organizing data into categories to show how often values occur.

1. BiostatisticsandResearchMethodology (BP801T)
Introduction:
Statistics, Biostatistics and
Frequency Distribution
Prepared and presented by:
Mr. Gaurav S. Patil
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics)

2. Introduction to Biostatistics
•Statisticsisthescienceofcollection,presentation,
organization,summarization,analysisandinterpretationof
numericaldata(rawmaterial)fromlogicalanalysis.
•AccordingtoCroxtonandCowden,therearefourmain
componentsofstatistics:Collectionofdata,Presentationof
data,AnalysisofData,andInterpretationofData.
•Statisticianstrytointerpretandcommunicatetheresultstothe
widergroups.
•Thetoolsofstatisticsareemployedinmanyfields:Business,
education,economics,healthcare,industry,researchetc.…

3. Introduction to Biostatistics
Types of Statistics:
•Descriptivestatistics:Astatisticalmethodthatisconcernedwiththe
collection,organization,summarization,andanalysisofdatafroma
sampleofpopulation.
•Inferentialstatistics:Astatisticalmethodthatisconcernedwiththe
drawingconclusions/inferingaboutaparticularpopulationby
selectingandmeasuringarandomsamplefromthepopulation.

4. Introduction to Biostatistics
Importance of the statistics:
•Toabletoconducttheresearchineffectivemanner.
•Dataanalysisandinterpretationhelpinmakinginform
decisionaboutinvariousfields.
•Todevelopthecriticalandanalyticalresearchskill.
•Crucialforresearchandscientificanalysis
•Supportsriskassessmentanddecision-makinginvarious
domains

5. Introduction to Biostatistics
There are five stages or steps in any statistical investigation:
1.CollectionofData:Theprocessofobtainingmeasurementsor
counts.
2.OrganizationofData:Includesediting,classifying,andtabulating
thedatacollected.
3.PresentationofData:Providesanoverallviewofwhatthedata
actuallylookslike.Canbedoneintheformoftablesandgraphs
ordiagrams.
4.AnalysisofData:Involvesextractingrelevantinformationfrom
thedata(e.g.,mean,median,mode)
5.InterpretationofData:Concernedwithdrawingconclusions
fromthedatacollectedandanalyzed.Givesmeaningtothe
resultsoftheanalysis.

6. Introduction to Biostatistics
Biostatistics
•Whenthedataanalysedinstatisticsisderivedfromthebio-
logicalscienceandmedicine,weusethetermbiostatistics.
•Biostatisticsgreatlydealswiththeanalysisandinterpretation
ofthedatabasedonbiologicalsciencestodrawcertain
implications.
•Itusestodefinenormalandhealthpopulation,ithelpsto
findandcomparetheefficiencyofparticulardruginhuman
population,ithelptoidentifythespreadofdiseasesandetc…

7. Basic terms in Biostatistics
•Population:isthecompletesetofpossiblemeasurementsfor
whichinferences/conclusionsaretobemade.
•Sample:Asamplefromapopulationisthesetof
measurementsthatareactuallycollectedinthecourseofan
investigation.
•Parameter:Characteristicormeasureobtainedfroma
population.E.g.Averageweightofindividualinsample.
•Statistic:Astatisticreferstoanumericalquantitycomputed
fromsampledata(e.g.themean,themedian,the
maximum...).

8. Basic terms in Biostatistics
•Variable:Itisanitemofinterestthatcantakeonmany
differentnumericalvalues.OrAnycharacteristicorquantity
thatcanbemeasuredorcounted.E.g.:Height,weight
•Data:Referstoacollectionoffacts,values,observations,or
measurementsthatthevariablescanassume.
•Sampling:Theprocessormethodofsampleselectionfrom
thepopulation.
•SampleSize:Thenumberofelementsorobservationtobe
includedinthesample.

9. Entity Variables Values
Person Age 0-150years
Gender Male,female
Ethnicity
Arab, Kurdish,
Turkman, Yezidi,etc…
Car Model Hyundai,KIA,BMW,Saipa
Manufactureyear 2010,2015,2021,etc…
Engine V4,V6,V8
Color
White, black, yellow,
red, etc…
Entities,VariablesandValues
Entity: something that exists separately from something else and has its own identity.

10. •Populationofentities:thelargestcollectionofentities
forwhichwehaveaninterestataparticulartime.
•Populationofvalues:thelargestcollectionofvaluesof
avariables.
•Populationscanbefiniteorinfinite.
•NOTETHATinresearch,apopulationDOESNOT
NECESSARILYrefertopeople.
•Atargetpopulationisthepopulationunderstudy.
Populations

12. •Asampleisaspecificsubgroupofapopulationthat youwill
collectdatafrom.
•The sizeofasampleisalwayslessthanthetotalsize ofthe
population(otherwiseit’snotasample anymore).
Samples

13. Variables
•Avariableisacharacteristicthattakesondifferentvalues
indifferentpersons,places,orthings.
•E.g.:
•Heightsofadultmales.
•Weightsofpreschoolchildren.
•Agesofpatientsseeninadentalclinic.

14. Types of Variables

15. measuredcounted

16. Variablesscale
•Variablescale,instatistics,referstothelevelofmeasurementorthe
natureofthedataassociatedwithavariable.
•NominalScale:Nominalscalescategorizedataintodistinctgroupsor
categorieswithoutanyinherentorder.
•Example:Colors(e.g.,red,blue,green),gender(e.g.,male,female),or
typesoffruits(e.g.,apple,banana,orange).
•OrdinalScale:Ordinalscalesnotonlycategorizedatabutalsoindicate
ameaningfulorderorrankamongthecategories.
•Example:Educationlevels(e.g.,highschool,college,graduate),

17. Variablesscale
•IntervalScale:Intervalscaleshaveaconsistentintervalordistance
betweenconsecutivepoints,buttheylackatruezeropoint.
•Example:TemperaturemeasuredinCelsiusorFahrenheit(e.g.,20°C,
30°C,40°C)
•RatioScale:Ratioscaleshaveaconsistentinterval,ameaningfulzero
point,andsupportallmathematicaloperations,includingratios.
•Example:Height,weight,income-thesevariableshaveatruezero
point(e.g.,zeroheight,zeroweight,zeroincome).

18. •Frequencydistribution:Atableorgraphthatshowshowoften
differentvaluesorrangesofvaluesoccurindataset.
•Relativefrequencydistribution:Denoted/indicatedfrequenciesas
proportionorpercentageofthetotalnumberofobservations.
•Cumulativefrequencydistribution:Cumulativefrequency
distributionisaformoffrequencydistributionthatrepresentsthe
sumofaclassandallclassesbelowit.
•Relativecumulativefrequencydistribution:Thecumulativerelative
frequencyisthesumofallrelativefrequencies.
TabularOrganizationofData

19. •FrequencyDistribution:Thenumberofobservationsfallingintoeach
classinterval.
•RelativeFrequencyDistribution:Theproportionofobservationsin
theparticularclassintervalrelativetothetotalobservations.
•CumulativeFrequencyDistribution:Calculatedbyaddingthenumber
ofobservationsineachclassintervaltothenumberofobservationsin
theclassintervalabove.
•CumulativeRelativeFrequencyDistribution:Calculatedbyaddingthe
relativefrequencyineachclassintervaltotherelativefrequencyin
theclassintervalabove.
TabularOrganizationofData

20. TabularOrganizationofData

21. Exercise
Thistableshowsthenumberofhours
of45patientswhosleptfollowingthe
administrationofacertainanesthetic.
Constructatableshowing:
1.Frequency
2.Relativefrequency
3.Cumulativefrequency
4.Cumulativerelativefrequencydistribution.