BATRACHOSPERMUM (RED ALGAE) general microbiology and microbial diversity

Introdution
Morphology
Classification
Occurrence
Structure
Life cycle of batrachospermum
Advantage
Disadvantage
Conclusion

1. VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN VEERACHIPALAYAM,SANKAGIRI,SALEM.. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY SUB: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY TOPIC: BATRACHOSPERMUM (RED ALGAE) SUB INCHARGE:DR.V.BHARATHI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY SANKAGIRI PRESENTED BY P.SUVETHA M.SC MICROBIOLOGY VIAAS, SANKAGIRI

2. SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION OCCURRENCE STRUCTURE LIFE CYCLE OF BATRACHOSPERMUM ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE CONCLUSION

3. OVERVIEW OF BATRACHOSPERMUM Batrachospermum is a genus of freshwater red algae belonging to the family Batrachospermaceae in the class Florideophyceae. algae are most notable for their delicate, thread-like appearance and are often found in clean, freshwater environments such as rivers, streams, and lakes. While red algae (Rhodophyta) are more commonly associated with marine environments, Batrachospermum represents a group of red algae adapted to freshwater.

4. INTRODUCTION Batrachospermum is a genus of freshwater red algae belonging to the family Batrachospermum. It is commonly found in clean, slow-moving streams, rivers, and ponds with low nutrient levels. The name "Batrachospermum" is derived from Greek words meaning "frog spawn." referencing its appearance, as it often resembles gelatinous masses of small, bead-like structures that can be confused with amphibian eggs.

5. CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Division : Rhodophycophyta Class: Rhodophyceae Sub-class: Florideae Order : Nemalionales Family : Batrachospermaceae Genus : Batrachospermum

6. This is one of the freshwater forms of Rhodophyceae. This algae is found in slow running streams and on the banks of lakes and ponds. It is more commonly found in well aerated waters. The plants are blue-green, olive-green, violet and reddish in coloor. The colour varies as a result of the differences in light intensity. The species which grow in deep water are reddish or violet in colour whereas the species growing in shallow water are olive-green in colour. The digae is also known as the 'frog spawn". OCCURANCE:

7. Thallus : Batrachospermum has a filamentous thallas that is covered with a gelatinous sheath. The thallus can be up to 40 cm long and has a beaded appearance. The degree of gelatinosity varies between species, with species in faster carrents having a more compact form. Central axis: The thallus has a uniaxial central axis made up of a single row of broad cells. MORPHOLOGY

8. Branch cells: The branch cells are tear-drop shaped with the narrow end painting toward the main axis. Chloroplasts : Each cell contains several ribbon-shaped chloroplasts without pyrenoids. Reproductive organs: Batrachospermum produces carpospores and spermatangia. Spermatangia are spherical and colorless, and are usually clustered at the end of filaments.

9. The thallus is filamentous, profusely branched and with a macilaginous feel. The filament consists of only one axial filament of main axis which has been produced by a single apical cell cutting off the segments parallel to the base. This way, the central filament or main axis consists of a aniseriate row of axial cells. The main axis bears the laterals at various points on its length. These laterals are very short in comparison to the main filament. They are called the branches or the laterals of limited growth. At the nodal point just beneath the septum, usually four basal cells are formed each producing a whorl of the branches of limited growth. STRUCTURE:

10. STRUCTURE The thallus is filamentous, profusely branched and with a macilaginous feel. The filament consists of only one axial filament of main axis which has been produced by a single apical cell cutting off the segments parallel to the base. This way, the central filament or main axis consists of a aniseriate row of axial cells. The main axis bears the laterals at various points on its length. These laterals are very short in comparison to the main filament. They are called the branches or the laterals of limited growth. At the nodal point just beneath the septum, usually four basal cells are formed each producing a whorl of the branches of limited growth.

11. LIFE CYCLE OF BATRACHOSPERMUM Sexual reproduction: The sexual reproduction is advanced oogamous and takes place by means of male and female sex organs known as antheridia and carpogonia respectively. The plants may be monoecious or dioecious. antberidiam: The antheridiam develops from an aninucleate, colourless antheridium mother cell. from each antheridium mother cell one to four antheridia are developed. The antheridia are produced in clusters at the apical points of the short laterals. In the beginning they appear as protuberances arising subterminal and successively from different sides of the mother cell. Later on, the small protuberances sub terminally become spherical.

12. LIFE CYCLE:

13. The carpogonia develop on the terminal ends of the short laterals. The terminal cell of the lateral divides into four cells. The uppermost cell develops into the carpogoniam. The carpogonium consists of a swollen basal portion which contains an egg and known as carpogonium and an elongated receptive part, the trichogyne. The carpogoniam is flask-like. In the majority of florideae the cytoplasm of the carpogonium is colourless, but in Batrachospermum it bears a pale plastid. Asexual Reproduction In several species of batrachospermum the short branches of the filaments of obantransia stage produce monospore. These monospore again produce chantransia stage the apical cells of this stage produce new plants. DEVELOPMENT OF CARPOGONIAM

14. Bioindicator of Water Quality: Batrachospermum is highly sensitive to pollution, making it a reliable indicator of clean and anpolluted freshwater environments. Natural Compounds : It produces valuable pigments (e.g., phycoerythrin) that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially useful in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Biodiversity Support: In aquatic ecosystems, it contributes to maintaining biodiversity by providing food and babitat for various organisms. Educational and Research Tool: Batrachospermum is an important organism in research for studying algal biology, evolutionary studies, and ecological assessments. ADVANTAGES OF BATERACHOSPERMUM:

15. Pollation Sensitivity: While this is an advantage for bioindication, it also means Batrachospermum cannot survive in pollated environments, limiting its range and availability for stady or ase. Slow Growth Rate : Batrachospermum grows relatively slowly, which can limit its applications in aquaculture or large-scale production of its pigments and bioactive compounds. Limited Habitat: It requires clean, cool freshwater habitats, restricting its natural range and making it difficult to cultivate in other environments. Complex Cultivation: Cultivating Batrachospermum outside its natural environment can be challenging due to its specific ecological requirements, such as water quality, light, and temperature. DISADVANTAGES OF BATRACHOSPERMUM:

16. CONCLUSION: The Batrachospermum, like other red algae, undergoes an alternation of generations. The life cycle involves one haploid generation of gametophyte (typically described as the actual individual of Batrachospermum) and two diploid generations of sporophytes carposporophyte and Chantransia (or pseudo chantransia). It is a distinctive type of species that are mostly found in the freshwater lakes and are the oldest type of eukaryotic algae.

17. REFERENCE https://www.plantscience4u.com/2014/05/baplobiontic-life-cycle-in-algae.html?m=1 • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachospermum https://www.Indcollege.co.in/syllabus/co po/Batrachospermum, https://www.vedanta.com/biology/batrachospermum