Bauhaus & International Style

• Bauhaus wasa school of
design, architecture, and
applied arts that existed in
Germany from 1919 to 1933.

1. Theory of architecture I Arch 4591 Instructor: Lewi Tsegaye Addis college Department of architecture and urban planning

2. content 2 Bauhaus Origin of Bauhaus Bauhaus Influence Characteristics Architects Examples International Style Origin of International Style Characteristics Architects Examples

3. Bauhaus 1919 to 1933 3

4. Origin of Bauhaus Bauhaus was a school of design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. The Bauhaus school was formed six months after the end of World War I by architect Walter Gropius in Weimar . 4 The Bauhaus building, Dessau, 1925, Walter Gropius

5. Architect Walter Gropius was upset by the rapid industrialization of the era without any thought for artistic quality or humanity, and the large gap between the fine arts (like painting and sculpture) and the applied arts (like furniture design, graphic design, and architecture). A merger of two Grand-Ducal Saxon Academy of Fine Art and the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts resulted in the birth of the architecture school, with Gropius leading as director. 5

6. Origin of Bauhaus The school existed in three German cities: Weimar, from 1919 to 1925; Dessau, from 1925 to 1932; and Berlin, from 1932 to 1933 Under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928; Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930; and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933. Finally, it was shut down by the Nazis in 1933, by labeling the Bauhaus under the umbrella of “degenerative art,” and calling its progressive ideas and internationalism “un-German.” 6

7. Gropius and other prominent members of the movement left Germany, spreading the ideas of the Bauhaus from Western Europe to the U.S. and Canada to Israel, and turning it into an international movement. 7 Origin of Bauhaus

8. Origin of Bauhaus Famous for its design approach, which attempted to unify the principles of mass production with individual artistic vision and tried to combine aesthetics with everyday function. In the school’s founding manifesto, Gropius wrote that building is “ the ultimate aim of all artistic activity ” and that “ the ultimate, if distant, aim of the Bauhaus is the unified work of art .” 8

9. Origin of Bauhaus He aspired to the German concept of Gesamtkunstwerk , or the “total work of art” that synthesizes multiple art forms into one. Thus, Bauhaus was grounded in the idea of creating a " comprehensive artwork " in which all the arts would eventually be brought together. 9

10. Bauhaus influence One of the largest collections of Bauhaus-style architecture is in Tel Aviv, Israel, a UNESCO-recognized site named white city, consisting more than 4,000 Bauhaus buildings. Built between 1920 and 1940, White City brought a lot of German design and construction expertise. Many were designed by German Jews who fled the Nazis in the 1930s. 10

11. Bauhaus influence Bauhaus influence still lives on even to this day. Design standard books such as Neufert Architect’s Data are presently used in the field. 11

12. Bauhaus influence 12 Wassily Chair (1925–1926), Dessau, Germany, Marcel Breuer Brno Chair (1929 -1930), Mies van der Rohe Barcelona Chair by Mies van der Rohe and Lilly Reich

13. Bauhaus influence 13 Baby Cradle,1923, Weimar, Germany, Peter Keler Nesting Tables (1926 – 1927), Josef Albers Cesca chair (Breuer chair) 1928, Marcel Breuer

14. Characteristics The Bauhaus movement is characterized by economic sensibility , simplicity and a focus on mass production . Shaped by harmoniously balanced geometric shapes and an emphasis on function. Features open plans and lots of glass . Synergy between art and technology. 14

15. Characteristics Functional shapes, Abstract shapes used cautiously for décor Simple color schemes Holistic design Balanced Asymmetry Basic industrial materials like concrete, steel, and glass. 15

16. Architects of Bauhaus 16 Barcelona Pavilion 945 Madison Avenue (Breuer Building) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Marcel Breuer Walter Gropius Dessau Bauhaus

17. 17 Examples of Bauhaus Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois 1889, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

18. 18 It is a historical house designed and constructed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945 and 1951 for wealthy client named Dr. Edith Farnsworth. The house was constructed as a one-room weekend retreat in a rural setting in Plano, Illinois.

19. 19 The Farnsworth House is devoid of ornamentation. Even the entry stair does not have a handrail, and not a bolt or weld can be seen.

20. 20 By using a meticulous method called plug welding, seams were erased, resulting in what appears to be an effortless dialogue between positive and negative space.

21. 21 Materials : Farnsworth House was very much built with nature and terrain taken into consideration. The principal materials used in this house are glass and steel . The walls are formed using clear plate glass (glass sheet) and steel pillars are used to create the supporting frame of the building.

22. 22 The roof panels and flooring are made using steel . The steps porch and terrace are all paved with travertine ( white or light-coloured calcareous rock ), which naturally comes with an earthy tone to complement the relationship the house has with nature. Alongside this, all exposed steel is painted white. Within the interior, primavera wood is used to build the service core and teak wood for the wardrobe. The ceilings are plaster and shantung silk is used for the drapery.

23. 23 Extensive use of clear floor-to-ceiling glass opens and connects the interior to its natural surroundings.

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27. 27 The house is elevated 1.60 m above a flood plain by eight wide flange steel columns which are attached to the sides of the floor and ceiling slabs. The total cost of the house was $74,000 in 1951 ($734,635 in 2020 dollars).

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29. International style 1920 s to 1970 s 29

30. Origin of International style International Style emerged in Germany, France, and Netherlands (Holland) after World War I and spread throughout the world. It started in the 1920s and became a dominant architectural style until the 1970s . 30

31. Origin of International style Became the dominant style in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century . The term International Style was first used in 1932 by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in their essay titled “ The International Style: Architecture Since 1922” 31

32. Characteristics Rectilinear forms Plane surfaces without decoration Open interior spaces Visually weightless quality created using cantilever construction. 32

33. Characteristics Emphasis on volume over mass Repetitive modular forms Glass and steel Less visible reinforced concrete 33 Villa Savoy Seagram Building

34. Architects of International style 34 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Le Corbusier Villa Savoye Seagram Building Philip Johnson The Glass House

35. Examples of International style 35 PSFS building Arada building Mcgraw-hill-42nd-st building

36. Examples of International style 36 United Nations Secretariat Building, New York

37. 37 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa

38. 38 Ethiopian Mapping Agency, Addis Ababa

39. 39 Ethiopian Post Office HQ, Addis Ababa

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