Beas and Parabati region

Geology and Edaphic parameters

1. Beas and Pārbati Region Anant Vijay Upadhyay -1190700015 Deva R – 1190700019 V. Akhil Akash-1190700032 Masters in Landscape Architecture- I Sem I Year Geology and Edaphic parameters

2. Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the earth. Earth's interior heat originated from its fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years ago. It is continually regenerated by the decay of radioactive elements, that occur in all rocks. From the surface down through the crust, the normal temperature gradient - the increase of temperature with the increase of depth - in the Earth's crust is 17 °C - 30 °C per km of depth (50 °F-87 °F per mile). Below the crust is the mantle, made of highly viscous, partially molten rocks with temperatures between 650 °C -- 1250 °C (1200 °F -- 2280 °F). At the Earth's core, which consists of a liquid outer core and a solid inner core, temperatures vary from 4000 °C-7000 °C (7200 °F-12600 °F). Major geothermal fields are situated in circum -pacific margins, rift zones of East Africa, North Africa, Mediterranean basin of Europe, across Asia to Pacific. Introduction Political Map of Himachal Pradesh

3. Topography Terrain Map of Himachal Pradesh Relief map of Himachal Pradesh

4. Minerals As per Geological survey of India, there are deposits of Lime stone, iron ore, rock salt, slate, gypsum antimony and lead etc in the state. The distribution of these minerals is scattered all over the state and includes lime stone in Bilaspur , Sirmour and Kangra districts; salt and slates in Mandi district; gypsum in Sirmour and Lahaul & Spiti Districts: barite in Sirmaur . In addition to its deposits of natural gas, petroleum and uranium are also expected in some parts of the state. So far there is no comprehensive survey of their exact location and quantum of deposits except for very few minerals. Mineral Map of Himachal Pradesh

5. Earthquake and Faults

6. Magnitude of Earthquake

7. Hydrology of Himachal Pradesh Rivers and their Drainage basins Hydrology of Himachal Pradesh

8. Earthquake prone areas

9. Vulnerability Map Disaster Vulnerability map of Himachal Pradesh

10. Energy Coalmines and oil wells are not available in Himachal Pradesh. Solar energy and biogas have good scope for generation of energy in the State of Himachal Pradesh. Some progress has been made to exploit these sources commercially. Presently the main source of power in the State is the hydroelectric power. The following tables give an account of installed capacity, electricity generated, and consumption of electric power of electricity in Himachal Pradesh.

11. Geo Thermal Energy Beas and Parbati valleys: These areas are situated in the Kullu region of the Himachal Pradesh. There are 8 thermal springs in the Beas valley where the main activity is distributed on both sides of the river. Thermal manifestations extend for about 70 km with temperatures in the range of 30°C to 57°C. 18 boreholes (50 – 500 m) are drilled here. All drill holes along the river bed indicate thermal artesian conditions at shallow depths. Maximum discharge from 8 boreholes is about 350 lit/minute at 36°C. The reservoir temperature estimates are around 140 (+/- 20°C) at deeper levels. Based on chemical and isotope thermometries . Similarly, a 40km area of the Parbati valley contains six thermal springs with a temperature range of 21°C to 90°C. 19 boreholes (57-707m) are drilled here. Manikaran geothermal field is the most promising in the region and covers a linear zone of about 1.5km. Exploratory drilling at Manikaran reveals lateral flow of hot water and reversal of temperatures at depths. Thermal discharge from drill holes is about 96 tonnes /hr. The temperature of the thermal water discharge from Manikaran bore wells is 86°C to 94°C. The maximum temperature recorded in a bore hale is 101°C. The reported reservoir temperature is between 186°C and 202°C for Manikaran , 170°C for Jan, 100°C for kasol and 150°C for khirganga . Thermal artesian flow in the above regions largely depends on seasonal hydrological cycles. Analysis of gas samples reveal the dominance of CO2. Age of the Manikaran water is calculated to be 11000 yr based on carbon-14 dating. Power plant in manikaran A  binary  5 kW pilot geothermal power  plant  was also commissioned at  Manikaran  in the Kulu District of Himachal Pradesh in the 1990s. The power requirement in Ladakh today is around 100 MW and is increasing annually. Present total civil generation is about 13.5 nbsp;MW . Binary Power Plants: These plants use the water to heat a “secondary liquid” which vaporizes and turns the turbines. The vaporized liquid is then condensed and reused .

12. Activities taken up by Indian Government in Geo-Thermal Energy The presence of geothermal energy in India continent is known since prehistoric times of which thermal springs of Tattapani , Puga Vallley ( Ladakh ), Manikaran (Manali) are often quoted. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has been continuously supporting projects in geothermal energy through various organizations in the country including GSI, NGRI, ONGC, NTPC, NHPC, SNAs and other others during last 25 years. A R&D project for geothermal based cold storage and power generation was taken up in Manikaran which was damaged due to landslide and is no more in existence. These agencies have been working in the field of geothermal energy in India but most of the efforts have been primarily of R&D in nature. In a recent study on geothermal energy south Cambay basin has also been identified as priority area. Some of the private companies like M/s Thermax , M/s Tata Power, M/s Bhilwara Energy Ltd., M/s Avin Energy Systems, M/s Geo-syndicate, M/s Hindustan Turbomachinery Limited and others along with their international collaborators have also shown interest and engaging with the concerned State government agencies in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and others. A project for harnessing geo-thermal energy in Chhattisgarh was tendered. However, as suitable offers were not received the project could not be implemented.

13. Activities taken up by Indian Government in Geo-Thermal Energy Another project for harnessing geo-thermal energy in Puga (Jammu & Kashmir) has been generated. NGRI has carried out magneto-telluric (MT) studies in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand , Jharkhand and some of the potential states of the country. A project has been received from NGRI for conducting MT studies in the remaining potential States, namely Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . The strength of geo-thermal energy is that it provides firm energy and fits in well with energy hungry and ready market. It is a green energy with minimal environmental impact and almost infinite energy source with minimal exploration risk. There is a need to harness large geothermal provinces and 350 geothermal energy locations identified in the country. Although, there is an estimated large resource base of over 10,000 MW and there is a shortage of all forms of energy, some geothermal provinces are logistically difficult and restricted due to confined zones and occurrence and there is a lack of suitable technology, serious project executors and source of funding, even for pilot projects are also constrained. It is, therefore, there is need for concrete action plan and sustain policy support from Central as well as State government for harnessing geothermal energy similar to oil sector and hydro power projects. Technologies for assessment and exploitation also need to be imbibed and serious efforts are required to be made for making available trained manpower in the area of geo-thermal energy.

14. Bibliography http:// dcmsme.gov.in/dips/state_wise_profile_16-17/STATE%20INDUSTRIAL%20PROFILE_himanchal.pdf https:// msmedihimachal.nic.in/pages/view/146/204-resources https:// ibm.gov.in/writereaddata/files/09012016093220HIMACHAL%20PRADESH-2016.pdf