Behavioral & Social Sciences - Dr. Vaibhav.pptx

A short ppt on Behavioural Sciences.

1. Social Sciences Good Afternoon

2. BEHAVIORAL & SOCIAL SCIENCES Dr . VAIBHAV THAKKAR

3. Health cannot be isolated from its social context. Public health problems - closely related to lifestyles of people.

4. Social environment equally important as physical and biological environment Effect of social environment on health Rural vs Urban Developing vs Developed

5. Social Environment

6. The five social sciences include: Sociology Social psychology Cultural anthropology Economics Political science The first three are together called ‘ behavioral sciences’ 6

7. Sociology "-ology" Greek word- "study of" "soci-" Latin word socius - "companion", or society in general. Society - group of individuals - organized themselves & follow given way of life. Sociology - Scientific or systematic study of Society and human social action. 7

8. Can be divided in 2 types: Structural aspects of society - Social institution - Community - Association Functional aspects of society - Social norms - Customs & habits - Etiquettes and conventions - Social values 8

9. Structural aspects of society Social Institutions : Structure through which human society executes activities required to satisfy human needs. E.g., family, school, hospital, parliament. Community : G roup, small or large, living together in such a way that members share basic conditions of a common life. Associations: Groups of people, united for a specific purpose or a limited number of purposes. 9

10. Social Organization Different groups - needed for different purposes; these groups comprise social organization. Society: Smaller groups like the family ( micro sociology ) Larger groups like in the society ( macro sociology ) 10

11. 1. Family : Basic unit in all societies, most powerful example of social cohesion. Terms: Family of origin : family into which one is born. Family of procreation : family which one sets up after marriage. 11

12. Types: Nuclear family:   Joint family:   Three generation family: 12

13. 2. Groups : Temporary Social Groups : Crowd, Mob, herd Permanent Spatial Groups: Band, Village , Towns and Cities, state Government and political organization: Democracy, Autocracy, Monarchy, Socialistic, Oligarchy 13

14. 3. The community: Community - network of human relationships. Major functioning unit of society. The Characteristics of community: Community - geographic area Composed of people living together People co-operate to satisfy their basic needs There are common organisations, e.g. markets, schools, stores, banks, hospitals. 14

15. Structure of a community: Caste: Indian society is mostly based on caste system. Income: on basis of income, people have been grouped into classes – upper, middle and lower classes. Occupation: occupation has also been adopted for classifying people. 15

16. Functional aspects of society A. Social Norms : Every society specifies certain rules of conduct to be followed by its members in certain situations. These specified rules of conduct - known as Social Norms. Folkways, Mores, Taboos. 16

17. Folkways : Customary ways of behavior - obligatory in proper situation. Norms that apply to everyday matters. Conventions and habits learned from childhood E.g., way of eating, dressing, greeting. 17

18. Breaking or questioning a folkway does not cause severe punishment May cause a person to be laughed at, frowned upon or scolded.

19. Mores: much more strictly enforced than folkways- socially acceptable ways of behavior - involve moral standards. Informal rules - not written- Breaking a more will offend observers and possibly bring punishment.

20. Laws : Formulation of rules of conduct - not only prescribed in written form but enforced.

21. Taboo: strong social prohibition (or ban) against words, objects, actions or discussions - considered undesirable or offensive. E.g.., Abstinence from beef, pork and smoking in Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs respectively 21

22. Breaking a taboo considered objectionable Some taboo activities prohibited by law and transgressions may lead to severe penalties Other taboos result in embarrassment, shame and rudeness.

23. B. Customs and habits : Custom - broad term embracing all norms - refers primarily to practices - repeated by number of generations- have traditional, automatic, mass character. Habits - Accustomed way of doing things , usual way of action or an act performed without thinking.   23

24. Habits said to have these characteristics: Acquired through repetition. Automatic. Performed only under similar circumstances. Once formed persist and influence human behaviour. Good habits : Promote health. Bad habits : Ruin health. 24

25. C. Etiquettes and Conventions:   Etiquette Good manners Making other people feel comfortable by way we behave More or less thinking of others & how others perceive us A code that governs the expectations of social behaviour 25

26. Usually unwritten May reflect an underlying ethical code It may grow as fashion But is dependent on culture An excellent etiquette in one society may shock another It evolves within culture

27. Convention A set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted standards, norms or criteria, often taking the form of a custom . e.g., a custom: the convention of shaking hands. Convention may retain character of unwritten law or custom May become a law and a legislation may be introduced to enforce the same. Eg : laws which determine which side of the road vehicles must be driven

28. D. Social values Values - accepted mode of conduct & set of norms - guides for determining – right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable. & Serve as frame of reference for individual in reaching decisions and in achieving a meaningful life.  28

29. Five social sciences include: Sociology Cultural anthropology Social psychology Economics Political science

30. 2. Cultural Anthropology

31. Cultural Anthropology Study of physical, social and cultural history of man. Two broad divisions: Physical anthropology : Study of man as a biological organism Cultural anthropology : Branch dealing with man's behavior and products. 32

32. Culture - accumulation of learned behaviours, beliefs & skills of mankind as a whole. Comprises everything which one generation can hand down to next. Experience which is “learned, shared and transmitted”. 33

33. Branches of cultural anthropology Ethnology : Comparative studies of culture Archeology: Study of past cultures Linguistics: Study of speech patterns Social Anthropology: dealing with kinship and non kinship organization patters between different societies.

34. Acculturation Means "culture contact" Contact between two people with different types of culture, there is diffusion of culture both ways. Culture contact takes place - (1) Trade and Commerce, (2) Industrialisation (3) Propagation of religion (4) Education (5) Conquest. 35

35. Cultural Factors in Health & Disease Cultural factors deeply involved in all affairs of man, including health and sickness. 36

36. Concept of etiology and cure Supernatural : Wrath of gods and goddess (small pox and chicken pox) Breach of taboo (venereal diseases) Past sins ( leprosy) Evil eye Spirit or ghost intrusion (hysteria, epilepsy )

37. Physical causes:   Effects of weather (heat stroke) Impure water Impure blood (boils, scabies ) Environmental Sanitation:   Disposal of human excreta ( 78% rural areas use open fields for defecation – pollutes soil and water ) Disposal of human wastes ( In villages solid waste is invariably thrown in front of the houses) Water supply (holy water ) Housing ( insufficient ventilation)   38

38. Food Habits:   Diet of people influenced by local conditions (e.g., soil, climate) religious customs and beliefs. Vegetarianism is given a place of honor in Hindu society. Alcoholic drinks are tabooed by Muslims and high -caste Hindus. Ganja, bhang and charas , frequently consumed by sadhus . Mother and child health:   Good ( oil massage, exposure to sun) Bad ( eggs, meat) Unimportant ( punching the ear, nose) Uncertain ( applying kajal )   39

39. Personal Hygiene:   Oral hygiene Bathing ( after child birth, ceremonial baths ) Shaving ( traditional barbers ) Smoking Purdah ( Muslims ) Wearing shoes ( many villagers in south India do not wear shoes) Sex and Marriage:   Mean marriage age: 24 –M, 19 – F Monogamy Polygamy Polyandry – Todas of Nilgiri hills, Jaunsar Bawar in UP, Nayars in Malbar coast. 40

40. 3. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Psychology – Study of behavior. Social Psychology - Study of behavior of society. 41

41. 4. Economics Study of economic aspects of man. Deals with production, distribution and consumption of three basic/essential needs.

42. Scarcity or excess of these are found to affect human behavior.

43. 5. Political Science Constitution Government Laws They impose some form of discipline on man’s behavior.

44. Health Behavior & Lifestyle

45. Health behavior Activities undertaken by people in order to protect, promote or maintain health or to prevent disease’. Steptoe and colleagues (1994) Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health, whether or not such behavior is objectively effective towards that end. - WHO Health Promotion glossary, 1986 48

46. Illness behavior: Activity undertaken by individuals who perceive themselves as having a health problem for the purpose of defining their health and discovering and undertaking an appropriate remedy.

47. Factors influencing preventive behavior in dentistry Growth & Development Family and Peer influences Past Medical and Dental Experiences Dental Office Environment

48. Three types of relationship that can occur between professional caregivers and patients: Activity-passivity Guidance co-operation Mutual participation (Preventive care for maintenance of oral health )

49. Theories of Behavior Change

50. Health Belief Model Irwin M. Rosenstock in 1966 Model proposes that when an individual considers changing their behavior they engage in analysis of the situation, their perceived severity of that threat and perceived value of changing the behavior in question.

51. Likelihood that a person will engage in a health behavior depends directly on outcome of several factors: Perceived seriousness Perceived susceptibility 54

52. This model also states that for any change in behavior to take place, there needs to be a trigger.

53. Health belief model 56 Demographic socio psychological structural (education, past dental behaviour) Benefits of dental health out weighing cost of dental disease Perceived seriousness of dental ill health Perceived susceptibility to poor dental health Preventive dental health behaviour Perceived threat of dental disease Cues to action (oral health education)

54. Stages of Change Model / The Transtheoretical model Prochaska & DiClemente in 1983 Precontemplation stage - not aware - problem and often do not present for dental treatment except in an emergency. Contemplation stage - have an awareness of problem and seriously thinking about changing but not prepared to make any moves in this direction yet. 57

55. Preparation stage - about to take initial steps to change their behavior in near future. Action phase , modifications of behavior actually begin to happen. Maintenance/Relapse prevention stage involves individuals continuing with change, integrating it into current lifestyles and working to prevent a return a former to behavior. 58

56. Barriers to achieve Behavior Change Lack of opportunity Lack of resources Lack of support Conflicting motives Long term nature of benefit Belief that change is not possible No clearly defined goals Lack of knowledge on what to change

57. Lifestyle – Health & oral health Lifestyle is a way of living based on identifiable patterns of behaviour, which are determined by the interplay between an individuals personal characteristics, social interactions, and socioeconomic and environmental living conditions. - WHO Health Promotion Glossary, 1998 61

58. Health requires - promotion of healthy lifestyle. Many current-day health problems especially in developed countries (e.g., coronary heart disease, obesity, lung cancer, drug addiction) - associated with lifestyle changes.

59. Lifestyle & Oral Health Dental health encompasses likelihood of making healthy choices in relation to diet, smoking, tobacco, oral hygiene and utilization of dental health services.

60. Urbanization, Industrialization and Socialization bring changes in social life and affect oral & general health of people.

61. National and multinational food / beverages companies promote products at mass level and negative impact on diet pattern of individuals generally and children especially. E.g., advertising " Pan- Supari " potentially an established cause of oral cancer.

62. Next Lecture Social Stratification and Oral Health Harmful Dental Behaviors Utilization of Dental Services