Behavioral Psychology

Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a discipline that explains how behavior takes place as a process of conditioning, initiated by various factors (i.e. stimuli, reflex, reward, punishment, environment, social experiences).
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1. Behavioral psychology Malika A. Bruno The Chicago School of Professional Psychology

2. Introduction Behaviorism is defined as, “the study of learning based on directly observable behavior” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 187). According to this concept, human behavior can be explained. Key figures of behaviorism have dedicated their studies to explaining both animal and human behavior, with regard to internal and external influences. Additionally, learning is a process of “lasting change in knowledge or behavior based on experience” (Carter & Seifert, 2013, p. 186); however, conditioning is demonstrated by training animal and/or human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The most well-known behavioral approaches are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning [as see in the social-cognitive learning theory] (Carter & Seifert, 2013). Importantly, motivation is connected to human behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013) [illustrated later in this presentation].

3. Classical Conditioning Learning is a process of experience Learning is a process of instinct and reflex Stimulus and response happens naturally Images and events elicit emotional response (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 1. Pavlov’s dog ( Kengelhardt , 2012)

4. Ivan P. Pavlov & John B. Watson Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian psychologist and Nobel Prize winner Pavlov’s D ogs E xperiment Coined the phenomenon psychic secretions John B. Watson (1878-1958) American psychologist Believed in the role of instinct, reflex, and the environment Little Albert Experiment (Carter & Seifert, 2013; Schwartz, Wasserman, & Robbins, 2002) Image 2. Pavlov & Watson (Kandalyup3r, n.d. ).

5. Operant Conditioning Behavior is rewarded with consequence Behavior is repeated when outcomes are favorable Operant conditioning is based on reward and punishment Reinforcement strengthens behavior Behavior can be unlearned Extinction refers to the unlearning of behavior (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 3. Skinner box (McLeod, 2014).

6. Edward L. Thorndike & B.F. Skinner Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) Law of Effect (1898) Behavior is motivated by positive reinforcement Behavior does not begin as an inborn reflex but of random trial & error Interest in animal intelligence lead to developments in operant conditioning B. F. Skinner (1904-1991) Individuals learn as a result of consequence (operant conditioning) Conducted experiments using the Skinner Box Used c onditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to induced behavior Skinner coined the term reinforcement learning (Carter & Seifert, 2013; Schwartz et al., 2002) Image 4. Thorndike & Skinner (Kandalyup3r, n.d. ).

7. Observational Learning Learning equals modeling and imitation Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation Muscle movement and prior experience not needed Learning is a social-cognitive process Individuals observe (learn from) family and culture (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 5. Observation (Wise Geek, n.d. ).

8. Albert Bandura Canadian psychologist Conducted experiments in observational learning Coined the social-cognitive learning theory Developed the Bobo doll experiment Believed that aggression can be learned through modeling Used 72 children in a social experiment to study aggression (McLeod, 2014) Image 6. Bandura (APS, n.d. )

9. Motivation Motivation energizes fulfillment and goals Theories of motivation : Instinct theory Evolutionary theory Drive theory Arousal theory Incentive theory Hierarchical theory Question: Does/how does motivation align with behavioral approach? (Carter & Seifert, 2013) Image 7. Hierarchy of needs. (Redmond, 2016)

10. Ethics American Psychological Association (APA) (1892) APA governs: mental health professionals, their research, conduct, and protects participants Ethics is relevant to the study of behaviorism APA serves the integrity and ethical practice related to the field (APA, 2016) Image 8. Ethics (Subliminal Hacking, n.d. ).

11. Summary Conditioning is as a result of training or learned behavior through the acquisition of new knowledge (Carter & Seifert, 2013). The process of classical conditioning illustrates learning as a result of experience . Additionally, operant conditioning is demonstrated when learning is from the environment, thus motivated by reward or consequence (Carter & Seifert, 2013). In contrast, observational learning does not require muscle movement or prior experience and demonstrates learning as a cognitive process of modeling and imitation (Carter & Seifert, 2013). As a result, developments to behavioral psychology include: origins of phobias, side-effects of chemotherapy, treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and many more clinical diagnosis (Carter & Seifert, 2013). As researchers expand upon how and why certain behaviors are motivated, mental health professionals use many of the approaches presented to promote psychological wellness.

12. References APA. (2016). Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. Retrieved from http:// www.apa.org /ethics/code/ APS. ( n.d. ). Albert Bandura to receive National Medal of Science [Image 6] . Retrieved from https:// www.psychologicalscience.org /observer/albert-bandura-to-receive-national-medal-of-science Carter, K., & Seifert, C. M. (2013). Learn psychology. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Cherry, K. (2017, June 12). John B. Watson- pioneering psychologist biography. Retrieved from https:// www.verywell.com /john-b-watson-biography-1878-1958-2795550 Kandalyup3r. (2015, Febrauary 21). Conductismo [Image 2 & 4]. Retrieved from https:// www.slideshare.net /kandylaup3r/conductismo-44972371/5 Kengelhardt . (2012, April 15). Classical conditioning [Image 1]. Retrieved from https:// www.slideshare.net / Kengelhardt /classical-conditioning-12552587 McLeod. S. (2014). Bobo doll experiment. Retrieved from https:// www.simplypsychology.org /bobo- doll.html McLeod. S. (2014). Skinner operant conditioning [Image 3]. Retrieved from https:// www.simplypsychology.org /operant- conditioning.html Redmond. B. F. (2016, September 6). Need theories [Image 7]. Retrieved from https:// wikispaces.psu.edu /display/PSYCH484/2.+Need+Theories Schwartz, B., Wasserman, E. A., & Robbins, S. J. (2002). Psychology of learning and behavior (5 th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Subliminal Hacking. ( n.d. ). Social engineering is it ethical [Image 8]? Retrieved from http:// www.subliminalhacking.net /2010/08/05/social-engineering-is-it-ethical/ Wise Geek. ( n.d. ). What is observational learning [Image 5]? Retrieved from http:// www.wisegeek.com /what-is-observational- learning.htm