BEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY.pptx

This theory focuses on the idea that a child if being shaped by his environment. it does not give must attention on the innate aspect of the child.

1. BEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY

2. Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning which states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning.

3. Behaviorism is an area of psychology that focuses on observing and analyzing how controlled environment affect behavior.

4. Proponents of the Behaviorist Learning Theory Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Edward Thorndike John B. Watson

5. I van Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning L earning through association t his learning process creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. classical conditioning involves placing a neutral stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex.

6. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus (sound) with the unconditioned stimulus (food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.

7. Ivan Pavlov’s three major tenets of the field of behaviorism 1. The behavior is learned from the environment 2. Behavior must be observable 3. All behaviors are a product of the formula stimulus- response

8. John Broadus Watson Was a pioneering psychologist who is generally considered to be the first to combine the multiple facets of the field under the umbrella of behaviorism

9. Behaviorism is the science of observable behavior. Only behavior that could be observed, recorded and measured was of any real value for the study of humans or animals. Watson’s behaviorist theory focused not on the internal emotional and psychological conditions of people, but rather on their external and outward behaviors. He believed that a person’s physical responses provided the only insights into internal actions.

10. Watson is best known for taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. He believed strongly that a child's environment is the factor that shapes behaviors over their genetic makeup or natural temperament.

11. Neutral stimulus: A stimulus that does not initially elicit response ( the white rat). Unconditioned stimulus: A stimulus that elicits reflexive response (the loud noise) unconditioned response: A natural reaction to a given stimulus ( fear) conditioned stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with unconditioned stimulus ( the white rat) Conditioned Response: A response caused by conditioned stimulus (fear)

12. Watson is famous for saying that he could take a 'dozen healthy infants... and train any one of them to become any type of specialist he might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief.' In other words, he believed that you can expose the child to certain environmental forces and, over time, condition that child to become any type of person you want.

13. Edward Thorndike’s Law

14. Edward Thorndike Regarded as the first to study operant conditioning or learning from consequences of behaviors.

15. He demonstrated this principle by studying how long it took different animals to push a lever in order to receive food as a reward for solving a puzzle.

16. For this expirement, Thorndike placed a cat in a box with a piece of food outside of the box and timed how long it took the cat to push the lever to open the box and to get the food. The first two or three times each cat was placed in the box there was little difference in how long it took to open the box, but subsequently expirement showed a marked decrease in time as each cat learned that same lever would consistently open the box.

17. Thornsike’s Law of Effect Behavior followed by positive results is likely to be repeated and that any behavior with negative results will slowly cease over time

18. Law of effect (Cont..) This is considered the most important. According to this law, the succession of stimuli and responses is not enough for learning to occur. For the learning to happen, reinforcement is needed. This is that when an act is followed by a reward it tends to repeat itself, whereas when it is followed by a punishment the probability of its repetition decreases.

19. Behaviors immediately followed by favorable consequences are more likely to occur again. Example: Being praised by a supervisor for showing up early for work made it more likely that the behavior would be repeated.

20. Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to occur again. Example: If you show up late for work and miss an important meeting, you will probably be less likely to show up late again in the future. Because you view the missed meeting as a negative outcome, the behavior is less likely to be repeated.

21. we learn based on the consequences of our actions, this idea was built on Edward Thorndike’s early contributions to the psychology of learning.

22. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

23. OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner introduced a new term into Law of effect- Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to died out- or be extinguised (i.e. weakened)

24. notes B.F Skinner coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner Identified three types of response or operant that can follow behavior.

25. Behaviorist Learning Theory focuses on external, tangible behavior as the object of their study. it explains behavior as a stimulus- response dynamism.

26. Types of Responses or operant A. NEUTRAL OPERANTS - Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. B. REINFORCERS - Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. reinforcers can either positive or negative.

27. Types of Responses or operant C. PUNISHERS responses from the environment that decreas the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

28. Positive reinforcment strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding. Removal of unpleasant reinforcer can alo strengthen behavior. This is know as negative reinforcement because it is removal of an adverse stimulus which is rewarding to the animal or person. negative reinforcement strengthens behavior beca u se it stops or removes an unpleasant experience.

29. PUNISHMENT - is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it. It is an aversive even that decreases the behavior that it follows.

30. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Maintains that behavior is not dependent on the preceding stimulus. Rather it is dependent on the consequence to the response to the stimulus.

31. Edward Thorndike introduced the Law of Effect principle to explain how a certain behavior is strenthened or weakened. B.F Skinner refined Pavlov’s and Thordike’s ideas by introducing the term Reinforcement and by focusing more on the consequences of behavior rather than one preceding stimuli as motivation

32. The role of the teacher is to manipulate the environment in an effort to encourage the desired behavioral changes.

33. THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS!