Bergey's classification presentation

Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.

1. BERGEY’S MANUAL & IT’S CLASSIFICATION Presented By- Bidisha Mandal

2. The History and Evolution of Bergey’s Manual  1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923-1994) 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9 th edition-1994 (one volume) 2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1984-2012) 1 st edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix Phylogenetic / Phenetic - 5 Kingdoms  2 nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3 Domains

3. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology First edition -Published in 4 volumes: Volume 1 (1984) – Gram - negative Bacteria of general, medical, or industrial importance Volume 2 (1986) – Gram - positive Bacteria other than Actinomycetes Volume 3 (1989) – Archaeobacteria , Cyanobacteria , and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria Volume 4 (1989) – Actinomycetes

4. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Second Edition - published in 5 volumes: Vol 1 - (2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria Vol 2 - (2005) -The Proteobacteria Vol 3 - (2009) - The Firmicutes Vol 4 - (2011) - The Bacteroidetes , Spirochaetes , Tenericutes ( Mollicutes ), Acidobacteria , Fibrobacteres , Fusobacteria , Dictyoglomi , Gemmatimonadetes , Lentisphaerae , Verrucomicrobia , Chlamydiae , and Planctomycetes Vol 5- (2012) - The Actinobacteria

5. VOLUME I Domain : Archaea Phylum Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Originally containing thermophilic and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea Thermoproteales , Desulfurococclaes , Sulfolobales Recently discovered Crenarchaeota are inhibited by sulfur & grow at lower temperatures Eg . Sulfolobus

6. Domain : Archaea Phylum Euryarchaeota Differ in rRNA from other archaeans Eight classes and twelve orders Methanogenic archaea - Methanococcus Halophilic archaea - Halobacterium Thermophilic - Thermococcus Sulfur-reducing archaea - Archaeoglobus

7. Domain Bacteria The 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla . Some notable phyla are: Phylum Aquificae The earliest branch of the Bacteria Contains genera Aquiflex and Hydrogenobacter that can obtain energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic pathways Also thermophilic Ether-linked lipids

8. Domain Bacteria (cont.) Phylum Thermotogae Anaerobic, thermophilic , fermentative, gram-negative Contains unusual fatty acids and ether linked lipids Also thermophilic E.g. Thermotoga Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus Radiation resistant Stains Gram-positive High carotenoid contents

9. Domain Bacteria (cont.) Phylum Chloroflexi Gram negative green nonsulfur bacteria Gliding motility Anoxygenic photosynthesis Unusual peptidoglycans and lack LPS Chloroflexus , Herpetosiphon ( Nonphotosynthetic )

10. Domain Bacteria (cont.) Phylum Cyanobacteria Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Chlorophyll a and phycobilins Unicellular or filamentous Some are Nitrogen fixers Nostoc , Spirulina Phylum Chlorobi The “green sulfur bacteria” Anoxygenic photosynthesis Includes genus Chlorobium

11. VOLUME II Exclusive for Gram-negative bacteria Phylum Proteobacteria The largest group of gram-negative bacteria Extremely complex group, with over 538 genera and 2000 species All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy , heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy Many species are important in medicine, industry and biological research Five classes – ( i ) Alphaproteobacteria , (ii) Betaproteobacteria , (iii) Gammaproteobacteria , (iv) Deltaproteobacteria , (v) Epsilonproteobacteria

12. Alphaproteobacteria : Metabolic resemblance with alphaproteobacteria Use Organically decomposed materials in anoxic zones Hydrogen ( Alcaligenes ) Ammonia ( Nitrosomonas ) Methane ( Methylobacillus ) Volatile fatty acids ( Burkholderia ) Pathogen - Neisseria

13. Betaproteobacteria Largest class 14 orders and 28 families Many facultative anaerobes Enterobacteriaceae , Vibrionaceae and Pasteurellaceae – Use EMP and HMP pathways The family Enterobacteriaceae , the “gram-negative enteric bacteria,” include genera Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Salmonella, Shigella , Serratia , and others

14. Gammaproteobacteria : Pseudomonadaceae , Azotobacteraceae use ED and HMP pathways The family Pseudomonadaceae , which includes genus Pseudomonas and related genera Few are photosynthetic – Chromatium Methylotrophic - Methylococcus

15. Deltaproteobacteria : Eight orders and 20 families Predators Bdellovibrio Myxococcales (Slime bacteria) Fruiting myxobacteria – Myxococcus , Polyangium Anaerobic sulfate reducers Desulfovibrio

16. Epsilonproteobacteria : Only one order – Campylobacterales Campylobacter, Helicobacter Many are microaerophilic

17. VOLUME III Phylum Firmicutes “Low G + C gram-positive” bacteria (less than 50%) Divided into 3 classes Class I – Clostridia Includes genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum , and others Anaerobic Forms endospores

18. Class II – Mollicutes Called as mycoplasmas Lack cell wall Cell membrane –sterols are present Pleomorphic Require sterols for growth Normally non motile, but some exhibit gliding movement Most are Animal and plant pathogens E.g. Mycoplasma , Spiroplasma

19. Class III– Bacilli Gram positive Can be rods or cocci Mostly aerobic, some are facultative Two orders – Bacillales , Lactobacillales Medically and Industrially important genera Require sterols for growth E.g. Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactococcus , Enterococcus

20. VOLUME IV Phylum Planctomycetes Aquatic habitats Coccoid , ovoid or pear shaped Some have membrane-enclosed nucleoid Most of them lack peptidoglycan Unicellular as well as chains Division by budding Stalks - non- prosthecate appendages Flagellar or giding motility E.g. Isophaera

21. Phylum Chlamydiae Obligate intracellular parasites Coccoid Very small in size Two stages in life cycle – elementary bodies and reticulate bodies Most of them lack peptidoglycan

22. Phylum Spirochaetes Characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified outer membrane (the outer sheath) and modified flagella (axial filaments) located within the outer sheath Gram negative Chemoheterotrophs Free living, symbiotic or parasitic Important pathogenic genera include Treponema , Borrelia , and Leptospira

23. Phylum Bacteroidetes Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobic, rods Wide distribution – soil, sea, guts and skin of animals Fecal Indicator Beneficial microbe in the gut Some are opportunistic pathogens Are resistant to wide range of antibiotics Includes genera Bacteroides , Flavobacterium , Flexibacter , and Cytophaga ; Flexibacter and Cytophaga are motile by means of “gliding motility”

24. VOLUME V Phylum Actinobacteria “High G + C gram-positive” bacteria (50-55%) Terrestrial or aquatic Only one class , but 5 subclasses, six orders and 44 families Often form complex branching filaments called hyphae Even complex life cycles are found in some genera Forms asexual spores

25. Phylum Actinobacteria Secondary metabolite producers Geosmin production Varied difference in their cell walls, e.g. mycolic acid Largest genus Streptomyces – 150 species Includes genera Actinomyces , Streptomyces , Corynebacterium , Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium

26. Thank You