Bergey's mannual of systematics Bacteriology

First
edition
of
Bergeys Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology was initiated by
action
of
Bacteriologists.
Second edition of Bergeys Mannual of systematic bacteriology
: Phylogenetic analysis.
Five volumes
Volume1: Archaea and Deeply branching and phototrophic bacteria
Volume 2- The proteobacteria
Volume 3- The low G+C Gram positive bacteria
Volume 4- The high G+C Gram positive bacteria
Volume 5- The planctomycetes, spirochaetes
Phylogeny of Domain: Archaea
Two phyla based on rRNAsequences.
1. Phylum Crenarchaeota
Order: Thermoproteales,Desulfurococcales and
Sulfolobales
thermophilic and hyperthermophylic sulfur
metabolizing organisms
2.Phylum Euryarchaeota
Order: Halobacteriales,
Methanomicrobiales,Thermoplasmatales
,Methanococales , Thermococcales
Methanogenic procaryotes and halophilic procaryotes
thermophilic, sulfur reducing organisms
Phylogeny of Domain Bacteria: 23Phyla:
Most Important Phyla are
1.Phylum Aquifcae:
• The phylum Aquificae contains autotorophic
bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter
• That can use hydrogen for energy production.
• Aquifex produces water by using hydrogen to
reduce oxygen.
• This group contains some of the most
thermophilic organisms known and is the
deepest or earlier branch of the bacteria
Phylum Thermotogae:
This phylum is composed of one class and five
genera.
Thermotoga and other members of the class
Thermotogae are anaerobic , thermophilic ,
fermentative, Gram negative bacteria that have
unusually fatty acids and resembles Aquifex with
respect to their either linked lipids
Volume 5 :10 phyla
1.Phylum planctomycetes
2. Phylum Chlamydiae
3.Phylum Spirochaetes
4. Phylum Bacteriodetes
5.Phylum Fibrobacters
6. Phylum Acidobacteria
7.Phylum Fusobacteria
8.Phylum Verrucomicrobia
9.Phylum Pictyoglomus
10. Phylum Chamydiae
1.Phylum planctomycetes: one order one family and
four genera.
Coccoid to ovoid or pear shaped cells that lack
peptidoglycan.
Some have membrane bound nucleoid.
Divide by budding and may produce non prosthecate
appendages called stalks.
Grow in aquatic habitats and move by flagella or
gliding motility.
2. Phylum Chlamydiae: one class ,one order and four
families
The genus Chlamydia is most important genus.
Chlamydia is an obligately intracellular parasite with
a unique life cycle involving two distinctive stages:
Elementary bodies and reticulate bodies
They resemble planctomycetes in lacking peptidoglycan
They are small coccoid organsims with no appendages.
Chlamydias are important pathogens and cause many
human disease.
3.Phylum Spirochates
Helically shaped , motile, gram negative bacteria
characterize by a unique morphology and motility
mechanism.
The exterior boundary is a special outer membrane
that surrounds the protoplasmic cylinder and the
outer membrane. The flagella rotate and move the
cell even though they do not direct contact the
external environment.

1. BERGEY’S MANUAL
By Rikta Vekaria

2. Classification System for Prokaryotes
Microscopic appearance and
morphology
Based on its colony
Characteristics

3. Bacterial physiology-
Presence of products
that are the result of
bacterial metabolism
and physiological
activity

Serological analysis-
basically antibody
binding properties
Genetic and
molecular analysis-
Identification based
on the presence of
genetic materials or
molecule

8. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology (5 volume)
Is standard reference for laboratory identification
of bacteria.
•Based on genetic information (phylogenetic)
•Covering Archaea and
bacteria
•5 major subgroups with 25
different phyla

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology
Includes comprehension description of
established taxa
( taxonomic group of any rank, such as a
species, family, or class.)
Based on rRNA
sequencing(TWO EDITIONS)
I
ST
EDITION: 33 SECTIONS
IN 4 VOLUME
2
ND
EDITION :FIVE VOLUME
Bergey’s Manual:
Classifying and Identifying Prokaryotes

22. HISTORY OF BERGEYS MANUAL
•First edition of Bergeys Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology was initiated by
action of Society of American
Bacteriologists.

24. Second edition of Bergeys Mannual of systematic bacteriology
: Phylogenetic analysis.

Five volumes
Volume1: Archaea and Deeply branching and phototrophic bacteria
Volume 2- The proteobacteria
Volume 3- The low G+C Gram positive bacteria
Volume 4- The high G+C Gram positive bacteria
Volume 5- The planctomycetes, spirochaetes

25. Volume 1: Two domains : Archaea and Bacteria
2001

26. Phylogeny of Domain: Archaea
Two phyla based on rRNAsequences.

1.Phylum Crenarchaeota
Order: Thermoproteales,Desulfurococcales and
Sulfolobales
thermophilic and hyperthermophylic sulfur
metabolizing organisms

2.Phylum Euryarchaeota
Order: Halobacteriales,
Methanomicrobiales,Thermoplasmatales
,Methanococales , Thermococcales
Methanogenic procaryotes and halophilic procaryotes
thermophilic, sulfur reducing organisms

27. HABITAT OF ARCHEA BACTERIA
HOT SPRINGS
HYDEROATHERMAL VENTS(an opening in the sea floor out of which heated mineral-rich water flows).
HALOPHYLLIC AREA (MANGROOVE SWAMPS)

28. Phylogeny of Domain Bacteria: 23Phyla:
Most Important Phyla are
1.Phylum Aquifcae:
• The phylum Aquificae contains autotorophic
bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter
•That can use hydrogen for energy production.
•Aquifex produces water by using hydrogen to
reduce oxygen.
•This group contains some of the most
thermophilic organisms known and is the
deepest or earlier branch of the bacteria.

29. 23Phyla


2. Phylum Thermotogae:
This phylum is composed of one class and five
genera.
Thermotoga and other members of the class
Thermotogae are anaerobic , thermophilic ,
fermentative, Gram negative bacteria that have
unusually fatty acids and resembles Aquifex with
respect to their either linked lipids.

30. 3.Phylum Deinococcus thermus :

Order Deinococcales contains
bacteria that are extraordinarily
radiation resistant .
The genus Deinococcus is Gram
positive.

It is high concentration of carotenoid
pigments, which may protect it from
radiation and unique lipids.

31. 4. Phylum Chloroflexi:
The phylum Chloroflexi has one class and two
orders
Many members of this Gram negative group are
called green nonsulfur bacteria.

Gliding bacteria

32. 4. Phylum Chloroflexi:
The phylum Chloroflexi has one class and two
orders
Many members of this Gram negative group are
called green nonsulfur bacteria.
Chloroflexus carries out anoxygenic photosynthesis
and is a gliding bacterium.

Herpetosiphon is a non photosynthetic
respiratory gliding bacterium.
Both genera have unusual peptidoglycan and lack
lipopolysaccharides in their outermembrane.

Gliding bacteria

33. 5.Phylum Cyanobacteria:

• The oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are placed in the
phylum Cyanobacteria, which contains the class
Cyanobacteria and five subsections.
•Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a and almost all species
possess phycoblins. These bacteria can be unicellular or
filamentous , either branced or unbranched. The
cyanobacteria in the subsections differ from each other
in general morphological characteristics and
reproduction.

•Cyanobacteria incorporates Carbondioxide through the
use of Calvin cycle just like plants and many purple
photosynthetic bacteria.

34. 6. Phylum Chlorobi: The phylum Chlorobi contains
anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria known as the
green sulfur bacteria. They can incorporate carbon
dioxide, through the reductive tricarboxyclic acid cycle
rather than the Calvin cycle and oxidize sulfide to
sulfur granules which accumulate outside the cell.
They are obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria

35. Volume 2: Second edition:
Gram negative proteobacteria
(purple bacteria). (2005)

36. Volume 2: Second edition:
Gram negative proteobacteria (purple bacteria).

Phylum proteobacteria:
5Classes based on rRNA data
Contains 1,300 species and 384 genera.
Group is diverse in morphology , physiology and lifestyle
All major nutritional type:
Phototrophy
Heterotrophy
Chemolithotrophy

37. 5Classes based on rRNA data
1.Class I: Alphaproteobacteria
2.Class II: Betaproteobacteria
3.ClassIII: Gammaproteobacteria
4.ClassIV: Deltaproteobacteria
5.Class V: Epsilonproteobacteria

38. Class I Alphaproterobacteria:

The α proteobacteria include most of the
oligotrophic forms.
Rhodospirillum and other purple nonsulfur
bacteria are photosynthetic.
Some genera have unusual metabolic modes:
Methylotrophy (eg Methylobacterium)
Chemolithotrophy (Nitrobacter)
Nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium )
Rickettsia and Brucella
Purple bacteria

39. 2.Class II Beta proteobacteria
The β-proteobacteria overlap the alpha subdivision
metabolically.
However the β-Proteobacteria tend to use
substances that diffuse from organic
decomposition in the anaerobic zone of habitats.
Some of these bacteria use such substances as
hydrogen(Alcaligenes),ammonia
(Nitrosomonas),methane (Methylobacillus) or
Volatile fatty acids (Bukholderia)

40. 3. Class III : Gammaproteobacteria:
The γ-proteobacteria compose a large and complex
group of 13 orders and 20 families.
They often are chemoorganotrophic , facultative
anaerobic and fermentative.

Emden-Mayerhof and Pentose phosphate pathway:
Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrioniacear and Pasteurellacea
Entner-Doudoroff and Pentose phosphate pathway:
Azotobacteriacea and Psuedomononadacea

Photosynthetic: Chromatium and Ectothriorhodospira
Methylotrophic :Methylococcus
Sulfur oxidizing :Beggiatoa

41. Class IV –Deltaproteobacteria
Consists of 7orders, and 17 families
3 groups
Order Myxococcales contain myxobacteria such
as Myxococus, Stigmettalla and Polyangium

Myxobacteria: Prey on other bacteria

Class has anaerobes that generate sulfide from
sulfate and sulfur while oxidizing organic
nutrients

42. Class V –Epsilonproteobacteria
One order, Campylobacterales and two families

Two important pathogenic genera are
ϵ-proteobacteria: Campylobacter and
Helicobacter

43. Volume 3: (2007) Gram positive bacteria with low G+C

44. Volume 3: Gram positive bacteria with low G+C
content in their DNA which are members of the
Phylum Firmicutes.

Three classes:
Class I –Clostridia :3orders and 11 families
Genera such as Clostridium ,Desulfotomaculaum
and Sporohalobacter form true bacterial
endospores.

45. Class II –Mollicutes :5 orders and 6 families
Members of the class often are called mycoplasmas.
They lack cell walls and cannot make peptidoglycan or its
precursors.
Mycoplasmas are bounded by the plasma membrane , they
are pleomorphic and vary in shape from cocci to helical or
branched filaments.
They are normally nonmotile and stain gram negative because
of the absence of a cell wall. In contrast with almost all other
bacteria, most species require sterols for growth.
The mycoplasma and spiroplasma contain several important
animal and plant pathogens

46. Class III Bacillli :This large class comprise a wide variety of
Gram positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic,rods and
cocci.
The class Bacilli has two orders Bacillales and Lactobacillales
and 16 families.
As with the members of the class Clostridiea form true
endospores
The section contains many medically and industrially
important genera: Bacillus ,Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria and Staphylococcus.

47. Volume 4: (2007) High G+C
gram positives in their DNA

48. Volume 4 : High G+C gram positives , those
bacteria with mol% values above 50 to 55%

All bacteria are placed in the phylum
Actinobacteria and Class Actinobacteria.

49. Some are cocci ,others are regular ,or irregular
rods.
High G+C gram positive are called actinomycetes
often form complex branching hyphae
Although none of these bacteria produce true
endospores, many genera do form a variety of
asexual spores some have complex life cycles
Mycobacteria produce large mycolic acids that
distinguish their walls from those of other
bacteria.

50. Volume 4 cont….
Taxonomy of these bacteria is very complex
5 Subclasses
6orders
14 suborders
40 families

The largest and most complex genus is
Streptomyces which contain over 500 species.

51. Volume 5- (2007)they are located here
for convenience.
•Includes morphologically diverse
gram-negative organisms
•May not be related

52. Volume 5 :10 phyla
1.Phylum planctomycetes
2. Phylum Chlamydiae
3.Phylum Spirochaetes
4. Phylum Bacteriodetes
5.Phylum Fibrobacters
6. Phylum Acidobacteria
7.Phylum Fusobacteria
8.Phylum Verrucomicrobia
9.Phylum Pictyoglomus
10. Phylum Chamydiae

53. 1.Phylum planctomycetes: one order one family and
four genera.
Coccoid to ovoid or pear shaped cells that lack
peptidoglycan.
Some have membrane bound nucleoid.

Divide by budding and may produce non prosthecate
appendages called stalks.
Grow in aquatic habitats and move by flagella or
gliding motility.

54. 2. Phylum Chlamydiae: one class ,one order and four
families
The genus Chlamydia is most important genus.
Chlamydia is an obligately intracellular parasite with
a unique life cycle involving two distinctive stages:
Elementary bodies and reticulate bodies
They resemble planctomycetes in lacking peptidoglycan
They are small coccoid organsims with no appendages.
Chlamydias are important pathogens and cause many
human disease.

55. 3.Phylum Spirochates
Helically shaped , motile, gram negative bacteria
characterize by a unique morphology and motility
mechanism.
The exterior boundary is a special outer membrane
that surrounds the protoplasmic cylinder and the
outer membrane. The flagella rotate and move the
cell even though they do not direct contact the
external environment.

56. 4.Phylum Bacteroidetes: 3classes, 3 orders and 12
families.
Bacteroides
Flavobacterium
Flexibacter and Cytophaga.

57. 5.Phylum Fibrobacter: 1classes, 1 orders and 1 familiy
6.Phylum Acidobacteria : 1classes, 1 orders and 1
familiy
7.Phylum Fusobacteria : 1classes, 1 orders and 2
familiy
8.Phylum Verrucomicrobia : 1classes, 1 orders and 1
familiy
9.Phylum Dictyoglomi: 1class 1order 1 family