BIGBANGTHEORYWITHTHEIROTHERCOMPLEMENTSANDTHEIRSCHOTTKY.pptx

This ppt on big band theory they can meet slideshare.

1. The Origin of the Universe The Big Bang Theory

2. Have you ever heard of a little thing called the “Big Bang” ? A long, long time ago…. (About 14 billion years!) The entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, supermassive dense ball smaller than an atom . Then a cataclysmic explosion occurred that hurled material in all directions . Origin of the Universe : The ejected masses of energy collided, cooled, and condensed , forming the galaxies, suns, and planets we now observe. Is Big Bang for real ? Must assume : Time and energy didn’t exist before the Big Bang. All matter, energy, space, and time were created in the Big Bang. The universe is still expanding today. The observed phenomenon offered proof of the Big Bang 1. Abundance of lightweight elements in the universe 2. Hubble’s Red Shift 3. Cosmic Background Radiation Lightweight elements: Most stars are made up of hydrogen and helium The most abundant gases in the universe today are H, He, and to a lesser extent Li. Assumption : The majority of atoms produced by the Big Bang were hydrogen , helium , and small amounts of lithium , which eventually coalesced through gravity to form stars and eventually galaxies . Any elements heavier than these must be made during nuclear fusion on the sun or through supernova explosions .

3. Hubble evidence for the universe expanding Discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929: Not all matter is traveling at the same velocity . A galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance (galaxies that are twice as far from us move twice as fast, galaxies 5x as far from us move 5x as fast) Hubble’s Evidence of Expanding Universe Used the electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths Hubble & Red Shift Doppler shifting - wavelength emitted by something moving away from us is shifted to a lower frequency Visible wavelengths emitted by objects moving away from us are shifted towards the red part of the visible spectrum So the proof is in the color we observe . The faster other galaxies move away from us, the more they are red-shifted or appear RED to us redshift is a reasonable way to measure the speed of an object When we observe the redshift of galaxies outside our local group, almost every galaxy appears to be moving away from us – so, the universe is expanding! Cosmic Microwave Background CMB is heat radiation that fills the universe and can be detected in every direction CMB was created shortly after the Big Bang & the earliest radiation possible to detect Invisible to the naked eye, and only seen with instruments with tiny temperature fluctuations correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today Nebular Hypothesis – formation of galaxies: As H, He, and Lithium expanded out they eventually began to condense due to gravity & form solar systems .

4. Formation of the Solar System 1. Each planet is isolated in space. 2. The orbits are nearly circular. 3. The orbits of the planets all lie in roughly the same plane 4. The direction of the planet’s orbit around the Sun is the same as the Sun’s rotation on its axis. 5. The direction most planets orbit on their axes is the same as that of the Sun. 6. The direction of the planetary moon’s orbits is the same as that of the planet’s rotation. 7. The terrestrial planets are very different from the Jovian planets. 8. Asteroids are different from both types of planets. 9. Comets are icy fragments that don’t orbit in the ecliptic plane. Any theory to describe the formation of our Solar System must be consistent with these facts: Nebular Theory for Solar System formation Our Sun and the planets began from a cloud of dust and gas (nebula) As the cloud contracts under its own gravity, the Sun is formed at the center. The cloud starts to spin and the smaller it contracts, the faster it spins. Conservation of angular momentum The cloud forms a flattened, pancake shape.

5. Condensation Theory for Planet Formation The gas in the flattened nebula would never eventually clump together to form planets. Interstellar dust (grain-size particles) lies between stars - remnants of old, dead stars. These dust grains form condensation nuclei - other atoms attach to them to start the “collapsing” process to form the planets in the gas cloud. What happened next….. • Solar nebula contracts and flattens into a disk. • Condensation nuclei form clumps that grow into moon-size planetesimals . • Solar wind from star formation blows out the rest of the gas. • Planetesimals collide and grow. • Growing planetesimals form the planets over about 100 million years. • The more massive proto-planets are also able to sweep up large amounts of gas to become the Jovian planets.

6. Theories on Future of Universe Several theories exist regarding the future of the universe, based on our current understanding of physics and cosmology: 1. Heat Death : Also known as the "Big Freeze," this theory suggests that the universe will continue expanding indefinitely. Over time, stars will exhaust their fuel, galaxies will drift apart, and eventually, all energy in the universe will be evenly distributed. This would result in a state of maximum entropy, where the universe reaches a uniform, cold, and lifeless state 2 . Big Crunch : In contrast to the Heat Death scenario, the Big Crunch proposes that the expansion of the universe will eventually reverse due to gravity. Galaxies would begin to move towards each other, culminating in a cataclysmic event where the entire universe collapses back into a singularity, similar to the Big Bang. This would potentially lead to the birth of a new universe in a cyclic model of cosmic evolution.

7. 3. Big Rip : This theory suggests that the expansion of the universe will continue to accelerate, eventually surpassing the gravitational forces holding galaxies and even atoms together. In such a scenario, the universe would be torn apart, with galaxies, stars, and even fundamental particles being pulled apart until everything disintegrates. 4. Quantum Fluctuations and New Universes : Some theories propose that quantum fluctuations could give rise to the creation of new universes, either through processes like inflation or in the context of string theory and the multiverse hypothesis. In this view, our universe may be just one of many, each with its own distinct properties and fate. These theories are subject to ongoing research and debate within the scientific community, and the true fate of the universe remains one of the biggest questions in cosmology.

8. Conclusion Overview of the Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as a singularity around13.8 billion years ago. It suggests that this singularity rapidly expanded, giving rise to the universe as we know it . Evidence Supporting the Big Bang Cosmic microwave background radiation: remnant heat from the early universe, discovered in 1965 . Abundance of light elements: such as hydrogen and helium, consistent with predictions from the Big Bang . Large-Scale Structure of the Universe Observations of galaxy distribution and cosmic web patterns support the expansion model . The Big Bang Theory provides a framework for understanding the formation of cosmic structures.

9. Implications of the Big Bang The theory explains the origin of galaxies, stars, and cosmic microwave background radiation . It offers insights into the formation of elements and the evolution of the universe . Ongoing Questions and Research Nature of dark matter and dark energy: mysterious components that dominate the universe's mass and energy content . Multiverse hypothesis: exploring the possibility of other universes beyond our observable universe . Ultimate Fate of the Universe Will the universe continue expanding indefinitely, experience a contraction, or face a "Big Crunch "? The Big Bang Theory prompts speculation about the fate of the cosmos . Continuing Exploration Ongoing advancements in observational technology and theoretical models will refine our understanding of the cosmos . Collaboration among scientists worldwide drives progress in uncovering the universe's mysteries.

10. Thank You For your Kind Attention Presented By : Sharad Chauhan IU2341230403 Rohan Panchal IU2341230431 Himanshu Mali IU2341230386 Nikhil Sutar IU2341230393 Vikas Singh IU2341230415