Bio project.pptx a project on Antibiotics

Dna fingerprinting

1. Jawahar navodaya vidyalaya Mahisagar TOPIC:-TO STUDY THE DNA FINGERPRINTING PREPARED BY: TUSHARSINH PATELIA
ROLL NUMBER:- ____________
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : ________________ (PGT.BIOLOGY)

Year-2024-25 1

2. Acknowledgement I am Thankful to ___________________ (PGT BIOLOGY), JNV mahisagar for providing necessary usefull guideness and suggestions in the selection for the project works and its completion. I must be thanksful to Mr. Mahendra Barasiwal (Principal of JNV mahisagar ) for his useful suggestion from time to time.

I extend my thanks to I could get the materials and guidelines from the Library of JNV MAHISAGAR. So I am thanking to___________________, Librarian, JNV MAHISAGAR who provided me the facilities. I am also Highly grateful to my deep friends for their encouraging support for the completion of this Project Work. 2 2

3. Certificate This is to certify that Mast. Tusharsinh Patelia of class XII has completed his biology project entitled DNA FINGERPRINTING under the guidance of _______________ for the academic Year-2024-25 . The certified student has been dedicated throughout his research and completed his work before the given deadline without missing any important details from the project. It is also certified that this project is the individual work of the student and can be submitted for evaluation.

Signature of Student:-

Signature of Teacher:-

Signature of Principal:-

Signature of Examiner:

4. Name of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CERTIFICATE...
NAME OF CONTENTS...
NAME OF FIGURE...
1.0 INTRODUCTION...
1.1 DNA FINGERPRINT
1.2 WHAT IS PCR.........
1.3 PCR MACHINE STEPS....
STEP 1-DENATURATION....
STEP 2-ANNEALING.......
STEP 3-EXTENSION....
2.0 PROCESS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING..
STAGE 1-SAMPLE COLLECTION..
STAGE 2-DNA EXTRACTION......
STAGE 3-RESTRICTION ABSORPTION, ENHANCEMENT OR
DNA SEQUENCING.............
STAGE 4- ANALYSIS OF RESULTS..
STAGE-5 INTERPRETING RESULTS..
2.1 POLYMORPHISM...
2.1.1 TECHNIQUE OF DNA FINGERPRINTING...
2.2 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF DNA FINGERPRINTING16 17
3.0 APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING...
3.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES..
4.0 ECONOMIC VALUE.........
4.1 FAMOUS CASES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.
4.2 USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.....
CUNCLUSION....
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

5. Figure-1.0 Dna Fingerprinting.. Figure-2.0 Process Of Dna Fingerprinting. Figure-3.0 Scientist Alec Jeffreys.1416 Figure-4.0 Schematic Representation Of Dna Fingerprinting. Figure-5.0 Applications Of Dna Fingerprinting....1720 Figure-6.0 Famous Cases Dnafingerprinting .. Name of figures

6. 1.0 INTRODUCTION fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals A DNA sample taken from a crime scene iscompared with a DNA sample from asuspect . DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys . DNA fingerprinting involves theidentification of differences in repetitiveDNA.Repetitive DNA is a specific region inDNA in which a small stretch of DNA isrepeated many times. Through density gradient centrifugation, these repetitive DNA are separated from the bulk genomic centrifugation and the othersmall peaks are known assatellite DNA. These sequence do not code for anyproteins normally but they constitute a largeportion of humans genome. The satellite DNAis classified into many categories such as amicrosatellites , nanosatellites ete , on the basis of length of segment, number ofrespective units, the base composition (A:Trich or G:C rich), etc The satellite DNA sequences also showshigh degree of polymorphism and forms, the basis of DNA fingerprinting.

7. 1.1 DNA FINGERPRINTING DNA FingerprintingIn genetics, method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The technique was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys , after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known as minisatellites ), which do not contribute to the functions of genes, are repeated within genes. Jeffreys recognized that each individual has a unique pattern of minisatellites (the only exceptions being multiple individuals from a single zygote, such as identical twins). The procedure for creating a DNA fingerprint consists of first obtaining a sample of cells, such as skin, hair, or blood cells, which contain DNA. The DNA is extracted from the cells and purified. In Jeffreys's original approach, which was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology, the DNA was then cut at specific points along the strand with proteins known as restriction enzymes. The enzymes produced fragments of varying lengths that were sorted by placing them on a gel and subjecting

8. the gel to an electric current (electrophoresis): the shorter the fragment, the more quickly it moved toward the positive pole (anode). The sorted double-stranded DNA fragments were then subjected to a blotting technique in which they split into single strands and transferred to a nylon sheet. The fragments underwent autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probes-pieces of synthetic DNA that were made radioactive and that bound to the minisatellites . A of X-ray film was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark mark was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become attached. The resultant pattern ofmarks could then be analyzed.

9. 1.2 What is pcr Studying isolated pieces of DNA is nearly impossible. Large amounts of a sample of DNA are necessary for molecular and genetic analyses. Sometimes called molecular photocopying, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify (replicate) trace amounts of DNA and RNA from a sample. A PCR thermal cycler is used to produce the large amounts required for research. The PCR process can be used for a wide variety of laboratory and clinical applications and purposes. Forensic labs use it to analyze DNA samples from a crime scene. Clinical health care labs use it to diagnose patients infected from a virus. Pharmaceutical research labs use it to analyze and duplicate DNA and RNA samples for use in the manufacturing of drugs and vaccines.

10. 1.3 Pcr machine steps Step 1 – Denaturation The solution contained in the tube is heated to at least 94°C (201.2°F) using a thermal cycler. The heat breaks the hydrogen bonds of the original DNA sample and separates the DNA into single strands (this is termed denaturation of double- stranded DNA). Step 2-Annealing The sample mixture is then cooled to between 50 to 60°C (122 to 140°F) allowing the DNA primers and the DNA polymerase enzyme to bind to the individual strands of DNA that were separated by the heat (this is termed annealing of the primers). At this point, the nucleotides (A, T, C, G) from the added mixture solution will pair with the individual separated strands of DNA that resulted from the heating process. Step 3-Extension Once joined together, they form a new complementary strand of DNA (termed extension of the DNA). Thus, a new duplicate double-stranded DNA molecule has been formed from each of the single strands of the original sample molecule. The temperature cycles from 95°C to 50 to 60°C. The cycle is then repeated about 35 to 40 times using the thermal cycler which automatically repeats heating and cooling cycles of the process. Resulting DNA sequence is doubled each time the heating/cooling cycle is conducted by the cycler. Thus, what started out as a single short segment of DNA from one sample can be amplified to form millions of copies after 35 cycles.

11. 2.0 Process of DNA fingerprinting 1: Sample Collection DNA can be acquired from any bodily sample or liquid. Buccalsmear , salivation, blood, amniotic liquid, chorionic villi, skin,hair , body liquid, and different tissues are significant kinds ofsamples utilized Stage 2: DNA Extraction We need to initially get DNA. To play out any Genetic applications, DNA extraction is one of the most significant advances. Great quality and amount of DNA expands the conceivable outcome of getting better outcome. You can utilize DNA extraction enrolled beneath. 1.Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy

2.CTAB DNA extraction strategy

3. Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy

12. In any case, we emphatically prescribe utilizing a ready to go DNA extraction unit for DNA fingerprinting. The immaculateness and amount of DNA ought to be-1.80 and100ng, individually to play the DNA test. Filter the DNA utilizing the DNA sanitization unit, if necessary. From thatpomt onward, measure the DNA Utilizing the UV- Visiblespectrophotometer . Furthermore, perform one of the accompanying strategies recorded underneath. Stage 3: Restriction Absorption, Enhancement or DNA Sequencing Three regular strategies are utilized.
1.RFLP based STR investigation
2.PCR based investigation
3. Real-time PCR investigation. Stage 4: Analysis of Results As we examined, utilizing the southern blotting. Agarose gel electrophoresis, narrow electrophoresis, ongoingintensification , and DNA sequencing, the outcomes fordifferent DNA profiling can be gotten in which rt -PCR andsequencing are much of the use in forensic science. Stage 5: Interpreting Results By looking at DNA profiles of different examples, varieties and likenesses between people can be distinguished. Outstandingly, the whole procedure is presently nearly automatic. We don’t need to do anything, the computer givesus conclusive outcomes.

13. 2.1 Polymorphism It is the variation in individuals at geneticlevel . Polymorphism arises due to mutations. It plays an important role in evolution andspeciation . In a population, if an imheritab lemutation is observed at high frequency, it isreferred to as DNA polymorphism. There are different types of polymorphism, from single nucleotide change large scale changes.

In an individual, DNA from every tissue ( c.g. blood, hair follicle skin,bone,saliva etc )shows same degree of polymorphism Thus they become very essential identification toolin forensic applications. As polymorphismare inherited from parents to children. So, it is useful in paternity testing.

14. 2.1.1 technique of DNA fingerprinting Alec Jeffreys initially developed DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA typing or DNA profiling, to find out markers for inherited diseases. He used a satellite DNA as a probe that shows very high degree of polymorphism and called itVariable Number of Tandem Repeats(VNTRS). The technique involved Southern blot hybridisation using radiolabelled VNTR as a probe.

15. 2.2 schematic representation of DNA fingerprinting Few representative chromosomes has been shown to contain different copy number of VNTR. For the sake of understanding different colour schemes have been used to trace theorigin each band in the gel. The two alleles(paternal and maternal) of a chromosome also contain different copy of VNTR. It is clear that the banding pattern of DNA from crime scene matches with individual B not with A.

16. 3.0 application of DNA fingerprinting DNA analysis in forensic tests Can used to establish paternity tests
In criminal investigations
To determine the frequency of specificgenes in a population which gives rise
diversity
Can be used to trace the role of genetic driftin evolution
Personal identification

17. 3.1 advantages and disadvantages ADVANTAGES 1. L.lt is an easy and painless method for the subject being tested. It is less invasive then taking a blood sample.

2. It is an affordable and reliable technique.

3. It can be conducted in a relatively short amount of time.

4. Anyone at any age can be tested with this method without any major concerns.

5. There is a large variety of uses such as in legal claims, missing persons cases, identification for the military, and paternity and prenatal testing DISADVANTAGES 1. The sample of DNA can easily be ruin edduring the process of DNA fingerprinting, causing the sample to become completely useless for testing.

2. The process it self is complex and tedious, and can give results that may be hard to interpret.

3. The test needs to be run on multiple samples, a numerous amount of times for ideal accuracy. Commonly, labs run each test twice with four samples.

4. issues could occur if the informationisn’t kept secure at the lab. Personal information legally can only be released with a written order. This personal information if leaked, could potentially complicate insurance processes, health care and job prospects for an individual.

18. 4.0 economic value Develop cures - DNA Fingerprinting can be used to develop cures, by studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives who have the same disorder, or comparing groups of people, DNA patterns of the disease can be detected. This is the first step to developing cures for harmful diseases. Evidence in crime - DNA Fingerprinting is used by the FBI and the police to solve crimes at the Molecular level. Since 1987, more than 150cases have been solved with the help of DNA Fingerprinting. Diagnose inherited diseases - DNA Fingerprinting can be used to detect early diseases in order to prepare treatment against the disease. Personal identification - Every cell in one human contains the exact same DNA fingerprint, now that technology has become advanced people have started to collect samples to identify missing people or casual ties Fingerprinting has many practical uses and is extremely beneficial to our society. It can be used for learning and preventing diseases, it plays a big role in Genetics, it helps for a person’s identity, and it can be used as evidence in criminal cases.

19. 4.1 famous cases of DNA fingerprinting Colin Pitchfork was the first criminal based on DNA fingerprinting evidence. He was arrested in1986 for the rape and murder of the two girls and was sentenced in 1988.
Simpson was cleared of a double murdercharge in 1994 which relied heavily on DNAevidence . This cases highlighted lab difficulties

20. 4.2 uses of DNA fingerprinting Since it was invented in 1984, DNA fingerprinting most often has been used in court cases and legal matters. It can: Physically connect a piece of evidence to a person or rule out someone as a suspect.

Show who your parents, siblings, and other relatives may be.

Identify a dead body that’s too old or damaged to be recognizable.

DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate. Most Countries now keep DNA records on tile in much the same way police keep copies of actual fingerprints. It also has medical uses. It can: Match tissues of organ donors with those ofpeople who need transplants.

Identify diseases that are passed downthrough your family

Help find cures for those diseases, calledhereditary conditions.

21. Conclusion It was an amazing experience doing thisproject . 1 gained a lot of information aboutDNA Fingerprinting. It helped me to clearmany of my doubts. It is a really interestingtopic . In today’s world DNA fingerprintingis playing a very unportant role.
Use of DNA fingerprinting has nowadaysincreased as DNA analysis is a key tolinking suspects to biological evidence andto identifying individuals in crimes anddisasters . Another important use is theestablishment of paternity in custody andchild support litigation.

22. Bibliography NCERT-BIOLOGY BOOK ➤ Arihant -All In One Book
➤ Images And Other Data from Internet FROM INTERNET WIKIPIDIA ➤ Bank Of Biology Website
➤ World health Organisation Website
➤ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling
➤ https://www.bankofbiology.com/2012/05/biology- presentations.html?m =1