Bio-resources & Natural resources

Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to your life. Air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a ‘Resource’. The value of each such resource depends on its utility and other factors, e.g. metals are gold, silver, copper or bronze have economic value; i.e. they can be exchanged for money. Mountains, rivers, sea or forests are also resources but they do not have economic value. The given presentation briefly explants about the classification and availability of bio-resources and natural resources( mainly emphasizing on Indian natural and bio-resources) and also describes about bioproducts or green products.

1. NATURAL RESOURCES & BIORESOURCES MAHA MADHU PGDGIST

2. Resources are anything that has utility and adds value to your life.  Air, water, food, plants, animals, minerals, metals, and everything else that exists in nature and has utility to mankind is a ‘Resource’. The value of each such resource depends on its utility and other factors, e.g. metals are gold, silver, copper or bronze have economic value; i.e. they can be exchanged for money. Mountains, rivers, sea or forests are also resources but they do not have economic value. RESOURCES

3. Classification of Resources

4. What Are Natural Resources? Natural resources are components that exist in the world without the input of humans. Classification: Renewable resources   & non-renewable resources, living & non-living resources, tangible & intangible resources . Essential to the survival of all living organisms. Used as the basic component of all the products in the world, which may be water, air, natural chemicals, biotic components, oils, fossil fuels or energy. High demands for natural resources around the world has led to their rapid depletion. As a result, most nations are pushing for proper management and sustainable use of natural resources.

5. Classification of Natural Resources Classification based on Origin Biotic Natural Resources:- These includes all the living resources such as pants and animals as well as some classified minerals which are formed by the decay of living matter (Coal formed from land plants & petroleum from planktons). Biotic Natural Resources can also be termed as Bio resources. Abiotic Natural Resources:- All those resources obtained from non-living sources such as wind, water, minerals , sunlight, geothermal, tidal etc

6. Classification based on Development Stage Potential Resources:- These are resources which need further development. Insufficient knowledge or lack of proper technology to extract & utilize these resources. It can also be known as “Future Resources”. E.g., Crude oil and other minerals found in earth’s mantle. Actual Resources:- These are resources which are available through out the present condition. There is sufficient knowledge on the location & quantity of the resource as well as the technology to exploit them. E.g., Wood

7. Classification based on Availability 1)Exhaustible:- These are resources available in limited quantities & can be finished by human over exploitation. Mainly of 2 types, Renewable & Non-Renewable . Renewable resources are renewed or replenished by nature in a short span of time, e.g. sunlight, plants Non-Renewable resources may not be replanished by nature or will take a very long geological period to be formed again, e.g. Coal, fossil fuels, minerals 2)Inexhaustible:-Resources present in unlimited amounts in nature and not depleted by human activity, e.g. Solar energy, water, air, soil

8. Classification based on Distribution 1)National: Resources that are unique for a specific nation, e.g. Lion tailed Macaque, an endemic species of Western Ghats, India. 2)Multi-National: Resources that are distributed in more than one country, e.g. Antimony is only found in few countries like China, Australia, Canada & Laos, Migratory birds prefer more than one country to live in order to overcome harsh climatic conditions and also for breeding 3)International: Resources that are distributed world wide, e.g. Soil, Wood, Water

9. Types of Natural Resources Natural resources are of 2 types- Geological Resources and Biological Resources Geological Resources can be again classified into Water Resources, Mineral Resources(Metallic & Non-Metallic Resources) & Energy Resources(Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources) Biological Resources include Flora & Fauna

10. Geological Resources Geological Resources are valuable materials of geological origin that can be extracted from Earth. Categorized as Energy resources-Non Renewable(petroleum oil & NG, coal, uranium, geothermal resources) Mineral Resources- Metallic(Fe, Cu, Al, Ni, Zn, Ag) & Non Metallic (Sand & Gravel, limestone, sulfur, gem, gypsum, fertilizers etc.) Water Resources- Surface waters & GWs

11. Major Natural Resources of INDIA General Points Coal( 4 th largest reserve in the world) Iron ore, Manganese ore (7 th largest reserve in world(as in 2013) Mica , Bauxite( 5 th largest reserve in the world as in 2013) Chromites, Natural Gas, Diamonds, Lime stone & Thorium production is also present India’s oil reserves found in Bombay High off the coast of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Eastern Assam meets about 25% of countries demands. Wind Power: 36,368 MW Solar Power:29,549 MV Biomass Power:9,806 MW Small Hydro Power: 4,604 MV Large Hydro Power: 45,399MW Waste-to-Power : 138MV

12. In 219 at UN C limate Submit, India announced that it will be more than doubling it’s renewable energy target from 175GW by 2020 to 450 GW of renewable energy by the same year Land resources- In terms of area India ranks 7 th in the world with a total area of 2,87.263 sq.km. It accounts for 2.42% of total area of world Forest constitutes 21.02% of the total geographical of the country. Of the total area of 1700 ha., 8.5 million ha. is very dense forest, 31.90 million ha. is moderately dense forest & the rest 28.84 million hector is open forest Many eco regions such as shole forests are extremely endemic, overall 3 3 % of Indian plant species are endemic India is one of the most biodiverse regions of the world and contain four of the world’s 6 biodiversity hot spots- they are Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Indo- Burmaland & Sunda Land

13. It is one of the 17 mega diversity countries . He country has 7 Natural World Heritage Sites, 11 Biosphere Reserves in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves & 26 Ramsar Wetlands Some indigenous species of India- Bengal & Indo-Chinese tiger, Great India Rhinoceros, Nilgiri leaf monkey, Beddome’s toad, Mugger crocodile, Indian white- rumped tiger India also has 18 Bio reserves and 55 wild life santuaries In India there are about 10,360 rivers & their tributaries are longer than 1.6km each Total replenishable GW resources in the country are about 432 cubic km

14. Natural Resource Types in INDIA 1.) Biotic Resources(obtained from living & organic materials): Population, Forestry, Fish, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wildlife etc 2.) Abiotic Resources(obtained from non-living and non-organic materials): Water, air, soil, light(Renewable) & Minerals (non-renewable) Mineral types:- Metallic-Gold, Copper, Zinc, Iron ore, Chromite , Bauxite, Silver, Manganese ore, Lead Tin Non-metallic- Garnet group, Wollastonite , Sillimanite group, Illimetine , Pryophyllite , Minor minerals(Marble, Quartzite, Gravel, Granite, Clay & Sand 3.) Nuclear Resources-Uranium( Udaipur,Rajasthan ) & Thorium (31% Andrapredesh , 21% TN followed by Kerala, Rajasthan ) Based on Origin (2types)

15. MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

16. Marine Mineral Resources of India Minerals chiefly found in Indian ocean can classified into 3 categories mainly, Terrigenic , Biogenic & Chemogenic Terrigenic - include magnetite, monazite, zircon & rustle found on the shores of Maharashtra, Kerala, TN, Andra pradesh & Orissa (Store of 1.25 million tons) Biogenic mineral- Scattered in Lakshadweep (17.2 million tons), Rann of Kutch (20 lakhs tons) & Kerala( lakhs tons) Chemogenic - Phosphorites found in Eastern & Southern Coastal Regions

17. Natural Resources of Kerala General Points Lacks major reserves of fossil fuels Moderate deposits of illmenite (ore of titanium), rutile (titanium dioxide) & Monazite(with cerium and thorium phosphate ) all found in beach sand Other minerals include lime stone, iron ore & bauxite(ore of Al) State is especially known for its high quality kaolin(China clay) State has 41 west flowing rivers and three east flowing rivers namely Kabani , Bhavani & Pamba Bharatapuzha is the biggest east flowing river those water is impounded in Parambikulam-Aliyar dam, second largest is Periyar which is , impounded in Mullaperiyar dam The replenishable ground water resource is only 6841 million cubic meter

18. State has a fresh water area of 15858ha. Brakish water resources consist 6521ha. of estuarine and backwaters and 1287 ha of prawn filtration fields. Greatest hydroelectric potential, with 2 dozens hydroelectric stations operating within state . 24 hydro projects owned by KSEB with installed capacity of 1883.60 MW Tremendous wind power with only a fraction of it tapped by 2.25 MW wind farm at Kanjikode in Palakkad and a 40 MV wind farm at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district The polders of Kuttanad have a water-spread area of 5, ha. Another 17000ha of Kole lands of Thrissure is ideal for aquaculture development activities

19. Kerala forest are rich which the pristine Silent Valley and Agasthyavanam biospheres homes to plethora of rare species of plants and animals making them one of the 7 biological hot spots of the world. Rank 14th among all the States/Union Territories in respect to the geographical area under forest cover which as per 2003 assessment of FSI was 15577 sq.km(dense forest 334 sq.km, moderate dense forest 9294km, open forest 5949 sq.km) Forest plantation constitutes major source of raw materials to the forest based industries. Teak is the major species planted in 75767 ha. Followed by eucalyptus 14274ha softwood species 28832 ha. and reeds 5912 ha. Plantain crops 1712 ha. Types of Forests-Evergreen forests(Semi evergreen, Tropical Evergreen, Wet evergreen, Dry & Moist Deciduous, Shola , Grasslands & Mangrooves

20. Indigenous animals of the state: Nilgiri pipit, Vechur Cattle, Cattle egret, Nilgiri tahr , Grizzled gaint squirrel, Bengal Tiger, Indian sloth bear, Lion tailed macaque, Chital, Sambar , Gray langur 6 National Parks: Eravipuram NP( Munnar ), Silent Valley( Palakkad ), Pampadum Shola ( Idukki ), Mathikettan Shola ( Idukki ), Anamudi Shola ( Idukki ) 2 Bioreserves : Nilgiri & Agasthyamalai Wild life Sanctuaries: Aralam , Begur , Chinnar , Choolannur Pea Fowl Sanctuary, Idukki Wild life Sanctuary, Kadalundi & Kumarakam bird Sanctuaries, Muthanga , Neyyar , Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Peechi-Vazhani , Peppara , Periyar Tiger Reserve, Shendurney , Silent Valley, Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary, Tholpetty , Wayanad wildlife Santuary

21. Kerala Mineral Resources Kerala State is endowed with a number of occurrences/deposits of minerals such as:- Heavy Mineral Sands ( Ilmenite , Rutile , Zircon, Monazite, Sillimanite ) ,Gold, Iron ore, Bauxite, Graphite, China Clay, Fire Clay, Tile and Brick Clay, Silica Sand, Lignite, Limestone, Limeshell , Dimension Stone (Granite), Gemstones, Magnesite , Steatite etc. Mining activities on large scale are confined mainly to a few minerals - Heavy Mineral Sands, China Clay & to a lesser extent Limestone/ Limeshell , Silica Sand and Granite. Heavy mineral sand and China Clay contribute more than 90% of the total value of mineral production in the State.

22. Renewable & Non Renewable Energy Resources Renewable Resource are those resources which are renewed/replenished fastly & are not affected by human activity. Renewable energy sources are more commonly used by developed nations. E.g :- Solar energy, water ,air ,biomass ,wood India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources. As of 2019, 35% of India's installed electricity generation capacity is from renewable sources, generating 17% of total electricity in the country As of 2019, 35% total power production comes from renewable energy, 13% or 45.399 GW comes from large hydro projects (7 th largest), 10% or 36,686.82 GW from wind power ( 4 th largest in the world), 8% or 9.1 GW from biomass combustion, biomass gasification &  bagasse  cogeneration

23. India is the world's first & only 100% solar-powered airport, located at Cochin, Kerala. India has a wholly 100% solar-powered railway station in Guwhati , Assam. India's first and the largest floating solar power plant was constructed at Banasura Sagar reservoir in  Wayanad , Kerala India is an ideal environment for Biomass production(agro-residues) due to its tropical location, abundant sunshine & rains. Raw materials for power generation include bagasse , rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells and sawdust. In 2018, India has set target to produce 15 million tons of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large scale commercial type biogas plants (daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG /plant). The rejected organic solids from biogas plants can be used after  Torrefaction  in the existing coal fired plants to reduce coal consumption.

24. 1. Hydroelectric Energy Hydropower  or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of P.E of water  stored at great heights in the dam is converted into K.E by allowing the  water  to flow at high speed, this K.E is used to generate electricity Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams, micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers & oceans without using a dam Reservoirs have multiple uses like Flood control, drinking water, aquaculture, recreation Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea, includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion, & tidal power Long life, lower operating costs & less air pollution

25. 2. Wind Energy  Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. Require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land. Wind power produces no greenhouse gases during operation, and power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 157,900 MW.

26. Wind Power

27. 3.Solar energy Solar energy is derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic & heat engines. Other solar applications include day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert & distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels & solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

28. 4. Biomass Energy Biomass energy is the use of living & recently dead biological material as an energy source Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and conversion to a chemical (carbohydrate) fuel Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy Examples: Biodegradablec wastes(manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid waste) & energy crops (corn, sugarcane, switch grass, hemp, willow, palm oil, rapeseed) & GM plants Production of a liquid or gaseous biofuel Biogas due to the breakdown of biomass in the absence of O2 (Includes capture of landfill methane) Bioethanol from fermentation, often from corn (Cellulosic bioethanol is usually from a grass called switchgrass )) Biodiesel from rapeseed & other sources

29. 5. Bio protein Synthetic methane (SNG) generated using electricity from carbon neutral renewable power or Bio CNG can be used to produce protein rich feed for cattle, poultry & fish economically by cultivating  Methylococcus capsulatus  bacteria culture with tiny land & water foot print. The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these bio protein plants can be recycled in the generation of SNG. Oxygen gas produced as by product from the electrolysis of water & the  methanation  process can be consumed in the cultivation of bacteria culture. Reduce water pollution & GHG emmision

30. 6. Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy  is heat derived within the sub-surface of the earth. Water or steam carry the  geothermal energy to the Earth's surface Geothermal power plants make use of this steam to power steam turbines It is a renewable energy source with is easy to exploit in some cases CO 2 production less than with fossil fuels High net energy yield H2S pollution & Water pollution are some disadvantages Geothermal energy is generated in over 20 countries. The United States is the world's largest producer, and the largest geothermal development in the world is The Geysers north of San Francisco in California

31. 7.The Hydrogen Economy The Hydrogen Economy is a hypothetical large-scale system in which elemental hydrogen (H2) is the primary form of energy storage Explain how the hydrogen economy could potentially serve as the basis for a renewable energy system that emits little or no air pollution Fuel cells would be the primary method of conversion of hydrogen to electrical energy. Used in liquid-propellant rockets, internal combustion engines cars, trains, boats and airplanes, portable fuel cell applications or stationary fuel cell applications, which can power an electric motor  Production- CH 4 + Steam, Partial Oxidation of HC’s, Coal Gasification Poses great technological challenges for efficient hydrogen production, storage, and transport

32. Components of the Hydrogen Economy

33. Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that can’t be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption. E.g :-Nuclear energy, Coal, Oil & Natural Gas Oil,  natural gas , and  coal  are collectively called  fossil  fuels (360-300 million years ago) India accounts for about 0.8% of the total geological reserves and 5.7% of the total proven reserves of coal in the world. The bulk of the coal produced is inferior grade non-cooking coal used to meet the demands of the power sector India has about .04% of the world’s proven reserves of hydrocarbons. The geological resources of the hydrocarbons in country are 21.31 billion tones of which 61% are offshore and 39% on land Crude oil is made of many different compounds, each with its specific boiling point. Using distillation, we are able to separate out these compounds and turn them into commercial products, ranging from gas to asphalt 

34. The petroleum gas , obtained during the cracking and fractional distillation , can be easily converted into liquid under high pressure as LPG . Natural gas is found above the oil in oil well .It is the mixture of 50-90% methane and small amount of other hydrocarbons. If the natural gas contains lower hydrocarbons like methane and ethane , it is called dry gas. If the natural gas contains higher hydrocarbons like propane and butane , it is called wet gas. Uranium 235 is the only naturally occurring fissionable material required for the production of nuclear energy, some cases thorium is also used. Sources of Uranium-Pitch blende (50-80% Uranium) & Uranitite (60-80% Uranium) Uranium deposits in India- Bihar, Udaipur, Jaipur , Rajasthan, Andhra pradesh & Kerala Thorium deposits in India-Rajasthan & Andhra Pradesh

35. 1. Coal Formed from fossilized plants and consisting of carbon with various organic and some inorganic compounds. Coal is ranked depending on how much “carbonization” it has gone through Mined from seams of coal, found sandwiched between layers of rock in the earth. Burnt to provide heat or electricity. Ready-made fuel. It is relatively cheap to mine and to convert into energy. Coal supplies will last longer than oil or gas. When burned coal gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.

36. 2. Petroleum or crude oil Petroleum or crude oil is naturally occuring ,flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amount of S,O,N of various molecular weights and other organic compounds that is found in geologic formations beneath the earths surface. Lakes of oil are sandwiched between seams of rock in the earth. Pipes are sunk down to the reservoirs to pump the oil out. A ready-made fuel widely used in industry and transport. Relatively cheap to extract & to convert into energy. When burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases. Only a limited supply.

37. 3. Natural gas (fossil fuel) Methane and some other gases trapped between seams of rock under the earth's surface. Pipes are sunk into the ground to release the gas. Often used in houses for heating and cooking. Gas is a ready- made fuel. It is a relatively cheap form of energy. It's a slightly cleaner fuel than coal and oil. When burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases. Only limited supply of gas.

38. 4. Uranium(Nuclear Power)  Radioactive minerals such as uranium are mined. Electricity is generated from the energy that is released when the atoms of these minerals are split (by nuclear fission) in nuclear reactors. A small amount of radioactive material produces a lot of energy. Raw materials are relatively cheap and can last quite a long time. It doesn't give off atmospheric pollutants. Nuclear waste is highly toxic, and needs to be safely stored for hundreds or thousands of years below the sea(storage is extremely expensive). Leakage of nuclear materials can have a devastating impact on people and the environment. The worst nuclear reactor accident was at Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986.

39. Water is a heterogenous resource found in either solid, liquid or gaseous form at or near earth’s surface The amount of water for which all people compete is much less than 1 % of the total Water resources can be classified as surface water resources & ground water resources Hydrological data suggest that India get an annual precipitation of about 300-650 milli metres India depends mostly on GW resources than surface water resources for irrigational activities. India currently stores only 6 % of it’s annual rainfall (253 billion m 3 ) Water Resources

40. More than 1 billion people depend on forest for their livelihoods. Forest ecosystems plays a critical role in stabilizing climate, providing food, water, wood products, resins, vital medicines, soil erosion prevention & supporting much of worlds diversity. According to WRI research , 30% of global forest is cleared out, 20% degraded, rest is fragmented leaving only 15% intact. In India, it cover around 24.39% of the land but India is targeting to bring values upto 33%. Basically forest is a renewable resource but due to deforestation & other human activities, it is transforming into a non-renewable resource (It takes many years to form a forest) India is one of the richest countries in terms of biodiversity having more than 8% of the total number of species in the world, estimated to be 1.6 million Forest & Wildlife Resources

41. Types of Forest In India 1) Tropical Evergreen Forest Located: Heavy rainfall areas of western Ghats, Lekshadweep Islands, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Upper parts of Assam & TN Coast Rainfall: 200cm rain with short dry season Tree height: 60m & above Characteristics: Region is warm & wet through out the year, with luxurious green vegetation of shurbs , creepers & trees Tree: Mahagony , ebony, Rubber, Rosewood & Cinchona Animals: Elephants, Monkeys, lemurs, deers , birds, bats, scorpions, snails, slothes & One horned rhinoceros of WB & Assam

42. 2) Tropical Deciduous Forest (Monsoon Forest) Most widespread forest of India Rainfall: 200-70 cm Leaves shed: 6-8weeks in dry summer 2types:Moist & Dry Deciduous Moist Deciduous: 200 to 100cm rainfall, dominant species-Bamboo, Sal, Shisham , Sandal wood, Khair , Kusum , Arjun , Mulberry etc Dry Decideous : 100-70cm rainfall, Trees- Teak, Sal, Peepal , Neem , large portion of the forest is cleared for cultivation and grazing activities Animals: Lion , Pig, Deer, Tiger, Elephants, Birds, lizards, Snakes, Tortoise

43. 3) Thorny Bushes & Shrubs Location: N-W part of India including semi arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh, Up & Haryana Vegetation: Thorny trees & Bushes Plants: Acacia, palms, euphorbia & cacti Scattered trees with long roots penetrating deep into the soil, succulent stem & small thick leaves Forest give way to thorn forest and shrubs in arid areas Animals: Rats, mice, Tiger, Rabbit, Fox, Camel, Horses, Wild Ass, Lion

44. 4) Mangrove Forest Location: Areas of Coast influenced by Tide (Deltas of Ganga , Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna & Kaveri ) Mud & silt get accumulated in such coast Vegetation: Dense mangrove vegetation with roots of the plant submerged in water In Ganga -Brahmaputra Deltas Sundari Trees are found which provide durable hard timber Palm, coconut, keora , agar are also grow here Animals: Royal Bengal Tiger, Turtles, Crocodiles, Gharials & Snakes

45. Unfortunately 10% of India’s recorded wild flora & 20% fauna are today on the threatened list, many are categorized as critical, that is on the verge of extinction like Asiatic Cheetah, Pink headed Duck etc. Conservation of Biodiversity

46. National Parks in India

47. Sanctuaries of India

48. Biosphere Reserves in India

49. Sacred Groves in India

50. INTRODUCTION Bioresources  are non-fossil biogenic materials or processes which are naturally & sustainably renewable & biodegradable. These resources fulfills man’s essential, fundamental needs such as : food, feed, bioactive molecules, fuel, energy, shelter, fiber, bio-remediation, biomedicals etc. They play a key role in present and future socio-economic evolutions The Cartagena Protocol on biodiversity (1992) specifies “the genetic resources are organisms or parts of them, populations or any other biotic element of ecosystems having an effective or potential use or value for mankind” Bioresource inventory helps in describing the quality, quantity, change, productivity and condition of bioresources in a given area. These inventories may be for regional or national level assessments

51. 4 CATEGORIES OF BIORESOURCES Primary bioresources : Generated for a specific application-oriented purpose in forestry, agri - or aquaculture to enable the production of food, substantial products, or eventually energy. Examples wood ,  grain ,  potato ,  bamboo,   algae . Virgin primary bioresources  are grown plants or animals, it is mainly of 2 types: Processed & Non processed Non processed: Count for the whole harvested nonprocessed plant or the slaughtered animal Processed: These are the removed, most value-added parts of the virgin primary bioresource , needed to produce the “core product”.  Eg :- spruce tree→stemwood → pulp for paper.

52. Secondary bio-resources: may be generated during primary processing, in further industrial processing as by-products or residues, but also during maintenance of large green areas. Typical characteristics: They are accrue  genuine from virgin materials containing a  low amount of impurities , & also are  produced in large quantities . Eg :- Fruit Residues such as orange peel contain interesting extractives & OM usable for various purposes. Mixed fruit residue is used for biogas generation 1)   As processing outcomes  they consist of parts from the primary bio resource. Mechanical, biological, chemical & physical processes could be used for separations 2) As maintenance residues  they are harvested on large green areas such as parks, lawns, sport places, and dikes as genuine fractions in significant amounts under controlled conditions in ample quality in terms of purity and freshness. 1 2

53. Tertiary bioresources : They are also parts from virgin materials, which were separated along the processing chain. Compared to secondary bioresources they occur rather  in small amounts  at the generation place & are  not genuine . Uncontrolled modifications , e.g. degradation during storage, may have taken place. Have generally a lower value than secondary bioresources . 1. In  large-scale processing  during harvesting, post harvesting, primary processing, and storage activities; during industrial processing, packaging, and distribution up to the retail sector. 2. At  consumer level  in small commerces (e.g., restaurants, canteens) and in private kitchens at household level. Especially in this category it is important to distinguish b/w avoidable & not avoidable fractions. 3. In  maintenance of green areas   such as gardens, other green areas, and special installations with vegetation. The plant residues are not genuine and/or often partly degraded before they arrive in a utilization facility. Waste algea mixed with refuse from coastal cleaning.

54. Quaternary bio-resources Occur after a product was used. They can be distinguished regarding the time frames of their generation after start of utilization into short-, mid-, and long-term categories In  short-term after begin of product use : They are generated in all cases of food and feed consumption in the form of human feces and urine and as animal excrements. Such bioresources are generated with short delay after food or feed consumption at a time scale of hours. Mid-term delay:  The resources appear in days to months after begin of utilization. Eg :- Packaging materials are only in use for the period of transport, newsprints for one time readings. Long-term after use group : can reach from years to centuries. Eg :- Wood construction materials for furniture, & those integrated in houses may last decades to centuries till they become waste wood. Toilette residues contain organics & plant nutrients. Old furniture ,sold cheap & is again been utilized

55. Bio-resources of India Bio-resources have Direct (Agriculture, Bioproducts , Medicinal) & Indirect Values(Ecosystem services ) Other than Forest and Wild life, Agriculture and Live Stock, Poultry, Fisheries, Silkworm culture, Honey Bees culture are also bio- resorces but are not natural resources Bacterias (vaccines), Fungi(Anti- biotics & Food suppliments ), Algae( Protien Sources) are also bioresources In India, agriculture along with fisheries, forestry, fisheries and other allied sectors contribute to around 15.87% to the overall GDP of our country

56. India has three seasonal crop varieties: Khari f (Rice, Jowar , Bajra , Maize, Cotton, Ground nut, Jute, Cane,Dal etc), Rabi (Wheat, Oat, Gram, Pea, Tomato, Potato, Onion, Oil Seeds etc), Zaid (Cucumber, Bitter Guard, Pumpkin, Watermelon etc) Categories of Crops: Food Crops (Wheat, Rice, Millets, Pulses etc), Cash Crops (Sugarcane, Tobacco, Cotton, Jute & Oil Seeds), Plantation Crops (Coffee, Coconut, Tea, Rubber) & Horticulture Crops (Fruits and Veggies ) India is the world’s highest livestock owner at about 55.78 million Second in population of goat, poultry market, fish production and aquaculture First in Buffalo population, fifth in duck and chicken population and 1th in world camels population(2.5 lakhs )

57. Livestock used for: Food, fibre and skin, transport and help in farming activities, dung & other animal waste materials, an exchange for money, weed control, cultural, sports and recreation, domestication Total poultry ranking of India in the world population: 7 th , 851.81 millions(2019) 12.61 million metric tonnes of fish production, second place in world production ranking Edible fungi(mushrooms ) in India: Oyster Mushrooms, Paddy straw mushrooms, milky mushrooms Medical Mushrooms of S. India: Ganoderma lucidum , Phellinus rimosus , Pleurotus pulmonaris , Pleurotus florida Major Uses of Bacterias - Fermentation Process(Lactic Acid Bacteria) and production of probiotic drinks, production of vaccines, methane production( methanogens )

58. Algae used in India- Chlorella vulgaris (food supplement, bio-oil), Dunaliella species(Beta carotene production), Spirulina (feed stocks, bio-oil), Chlorella protothecoides (Bio-diesel), Cyano bacteria(bio-hydrogen), Chlorella species (Methane production), Chlorococcumlittoraleto (ethanol) India is the 2 nd largest producer of silk, practised in 5 states i.e. Karnataka, WB, Andra Pradesh, Bodoland , Assam, Jharkhand & TN 4 types of Silks- Mulberry, Tasar , Eri , Muga Agricultural & other Bioresources in Kerala Kerala crops: Paddy, Coconut, Rubber, Cashew, Banana, Casava , Tea, Coffee, Pepper, Cardamom, Vanilla, Chilli , Clove, Ginger & others(house stud) such as mango, jackfruit, Cherry

59. Live stock and location of highest numbers (2003) – Cattle( Palakkad ), buffalo( Malappuram ), goat (TVM), pig ( Idukki ), duck ( Alappuzha ), fowls( Malappuram ) Estimated fisher folk population of Kerala is 11.114 lakhs , includes 8.558 lakhs in marine sector and 2.556 lakhs in inland sector(1 st Alappuzha , 2 nd TVM ) Seri culture is an important industry in Idukki , Palakkad & Wayanad Cocoons are largely cultivated in Marayur , Kanthalloor , Pallanadu & Vattavada areas of Idukki Freshwater aquaculture system in Kerala at present remains restricted to carp culture in a few private ponds & prawn cum paddy culture in limited areas of Kuttanad & Kole lands. Paddy straw mushrooms are the successfully cultivated mushrooms species in Kerala Azolla (Algae) production is widely known in Kerala which is used as feedstock for cattles as a part of diary development and improvement

60. Bioproducts Bioproducts are any products- Fuels, chemicals, raw materials made from biological resources Bioproduct Categories:-

61. Conclusion Earth has many resources for humans to survive & thrive. Some resources such as water, wind & sun are abundant & renewable. Others, such as petroleum & natural gas, are available in limited quantities & are considered as nonrenewable As technology develops & fossil fuels dwindle, cleaner renewable power is becoming a more viable option for electricity every day. Bioresouces are as important as all other resources If the bioresources are not conserved properly, it would lead to the decline of the entire system, as the bioresources plays a vital role in the natural resource cycle.

62. Green Products and Alternatives Invents for Environmental Protection Solar Pannels- https://bit.ly/2U8t79X https://bit.ly/35VgCBs (Installation course) https://bit.ly/2SsDLYK Orgone Motor(Innovative Tech) https://bit.ly/2TZM1jr Energy Peak Shaver https://bit.ly/3h9YDwf https://bit.ly/3xTO7QD Volcano Power Plant https://bit.ly/3qAH7ph DIY Dish System https://bit.ly/3h8mOLI Enery Magnifier Engine https://bit.ly/2UM4Qap

63. References http://institutmichelserres.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article37 https://www.slideshare.net/arpitagupta47/what-are-bioresources https://slideplayer.com/slide/7649815/ http://bioresource.eu/bioresources/ http://ddp.agr.ibaraki.ac.jp/japan/courses/file/wcp2014gp-b.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioproducts http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/comparitive/intro.htm https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-natural-resources.html https://www.toppr.com/guides/geography/resources/types-of-resources/ https://www.wri.org/our-work/topics/forests https://india.mongabay.com http://dmg.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=61 https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/kerala/keralaminerals.htm https://www.hydropower.org/statusreport https://ecodaily.eu/2019/08/24/wind-farms-climate-protection-vs-nature-protection/ http://www.fi-powerweb.com/Renewable-Energy.html http://sciencing.com

64. THANK YOU…