Bioaerosols & their effects

Bioaerosols are small, airborne biological materials & are subcategories of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere. They are ubiquitous in the environment comprised of aerosols that originated biologically such as live or dead microorganism and their metabolites, toxins, or fragments that exist widely in the environment.

1. Bio-aerosols & their effects Dinithi Vihanga De Silva

2. Content what is Bio-aerosols Bio-aerosols classification Sources of Bio-aerosol What processes can generate bio-aerosols ? Transmission Impacts Bio aerosol sampling Positive & negative effects of bio-aerosols Future perspective Conclusion References

3. Primary biological aerosols (PBA), in short bio-aerosols, are a subset of atmospheric particles, which are directly released from the biosphere into the atmosphere . ( Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., et al. 2016) What is Bio-aerosols?

4. Examples of the Bio-aerosols Pollen Spores (fungal spores) Bacteria Algae Archaea Animal dander Saliva Viruses Proteins Figure 01- pollen grains https://www.amusingplanet.com/2011/03/pollen-grains-under-microscope.html

5. https:// www.sciencephoto.com/media/13997/view/fungal-spores-sem Figure 02- Fungal spores https:// www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/news/pathogenic-bacteria-evade-antibiotics-by-hibernating-310068 Figure 03- Bacteria

6. Table 01- Estimates of global emissions of bioaerosol particles

7. Bio-aerosols

8. Aerobiology Aerobiology is the study of airborne biological particles and their movement and impact on human, animal and plant health. Fig : 04- Philip Gregory ( 1907-1986 ) The father of modern Aerobiology https://www.bspp.org.uk/phgregory /

9. Reference ; Fröhlich-Nowoisky , J., Kampf , C.J., Weber, B., Huffman, J.A., Pöhlker , C., Andreae , M.O., Lang- Yona , N., Burrows, S.M., Gunthe , S.S., Elbert, W. and Su, H., 2016. Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmospheric Research, 182, pp.346-376. Figure 05- Characteristic size ranges of atmospheric particles and bioaerosols with exemplary illustrations: protein , ( B) virus, ( C) bacteria, ( D) fungal spore ( E) pollen grain

10. Sources of Bio-aerosol Pollen dust Sneezing / coughing Fungi dust Dander, Saliva & fur dust

11. Wind rain and wave splash spray irrigation wastewater treatment activity cooling towers air handling water spray systems agricultural processes (such as harvesting and tilling) What processes can generate bio-aerosols ? Figure 06 – wastewater treatment activity https://mcmgrp.com/portfolio/town-of-westville-wastewater-treatment-facility-upgrade /

12. Transmission Wind turbulence Tropical storms Dust plumes (Mainly by air) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226662704_Intercontinental_Transport_of_Dust_Historical_and_Recent_Observational_Evidence/figures?lo=1 Figure 07- Dust plume https://slideplayer.com/slide/5220505/ Figure 08 – tropical storms

13. Impacts

14. Figure 09- Bio-aerosol cycling in the Earth system . Reference : Fröhlich-Nowoisky , J., Kampf , C.J et al 2016 . Environmental effects (Eco-system)

15. Health effects Bio-aerosols pose organ-specific or systemic health hazards to humans. Bio-aerosols are known to modulate the immune system causing autoimmunity or hypersensitivity in humans . ( Humbal, C., et al 2018 .) Infectious Diseases Respiratory Diseases Cancer Major groups of diseases

16. Health Effects of Bio-aerosols Bio-aerosols Health effect/disease /symptoms Bacteria Legionnaire’s disease, Pontiac fever. Viruses Common cold, Influenza, Measles, Bronchitis Rheumatic fever, Otitis media, Carditis , Diphtheria Whooping cough, Tuberculosis, Meningitis and Q – fever Fungi Histoplasmosis, Cocciodomycosis and Blastomycosis Antigens Allergic diseases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) Allergic asthma, Rhynitis and Pergillosis Table 02- Health Effects of Bio-aerosols

17. Bio-aerosols known to travel great distances foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus Long distance transport over the sea Infectious Diseases Figure 10 -foot-and-mouth disease Rweyemamu, M. et al 2008 https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01013.x figure 11- Spread of FMD in the old world

18. Bio-aerosols affect on Agriculture Figure 12- Symptoms and morphology of coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix . https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/51816981_Cryptosexuality_and_the_Genetic_Diversity_Paradox_in_Coffee_Rust_Hemileia_vastatrix/figures?lo=1 Several plant pathogens, are responsible for significant economic losses in agriculture worldwide. ( Aylor and Taylor, 1982; Brown and Hovmøller , 2002) Rust downy mildew powdery mildew diseases

19. Climate https:// www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/25/e3sconf_caduc2019_04007.pdf References: Noda , J., Tomizawa , S., Hoshino, B., Munkhjargal , E., Kawai, K. and Kai, K., 2019. Atmospheric dust as a possible survival factor for bioaerosols . In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 99, p. 04007). EDP Sciences. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/saharan-dust-plume-slams-u-s-kicking-up-climate-questions / Figure 13 – Atmospheric dust

20. Disadvantages Negative effects Air pollution (fungal, soil dust) Health effects (human & animal diseases) (saliva, pathogenic bioaerosols ) Reduce the photosynthesis (soil dust) Discolouration of the buildings and vehicles (dust) Low yield because of the plant pathogens

21. Positive effects of (farm) bio-aerosols: exposure in early life → protective effect on allergy/asthma Positive effects Advantages References : Douglas , P., Robertson, S., Gay, R., Hansell , A.L. and Gant, T.W., 2018.

22. Future perspective Bio-particle identification and characterization A tmospheric transport and transformation E cosystem interactions of bio-aerosols . Open for researches J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky et al. / Atmospheric Research 182 (2016) 346–376 Figure 14-interactions and effects of biogenic aerosol particles in the Earth system,

23. Conclusion Bio-aerosols are the biological airborne particles & also they are the dispersal reproductive units from animals, plants and microbes for which the atmosphere enables transport over geographic barriers and long distances. They are central elements in the development, evolution, and dynamics of ecosystems.

24. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Kampf , C.J., Weber, B., Huffman, J.A., Pöhlker , C., Andreae , M.O., Lang- Yona , N., Burrows, S.M., Gunthe , S.S., Elbert, W. and Su, H., 2016. Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmospheric Research, 182, pp.346-376 . Humbal, C., Gautam , S. and Trivedi, U., 2018. A review on recent progress in observations, and health effects of bioaerosols . Environment International, 118, pp.189-193 . Douwes , J., Thorne, P., Pearce, N. and Heederik , D., 2003. Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects. The Annals of occupational hygiene, 47(3), pp.187-200 . West, J.S. and Kimber, R.B.E., 2015. Innovations in air sampling to detect plant pathogens. Annals of Applied Biology, 166(1), pp.4-17 . Golan, J.J. and Pringle, A., 2017. Long-distance dispersal of fungi. Microbiology spectrum, 5(4), pp.5-4 . Rweyemamu, M., Roeder, P., MacKay, D., Sumption , K., Brownlie , J. and Leforban , Y., 2008. Planning for the progressive control of foot‐and‐mouth disease worldwide. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 55(1), pp.73-87 . Rweyemamu, M., Roeder, P., Mackay, D., Sumption , K., Brownlie , J., Leforban , Y., Valarcher , J.F., Knowles, N.J. and Saraiva , V., 2008. Epidemiological patterns of foot‐and‐mouth disease worldwide. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 55(1), pp.57-72 . Noda, J., Tomizawa , S., Hoshino, B., Munkhjargal , E., Kawai, K. and Kai, K., 2019. Atmospheric dust as a possible survival factor for bioaerosols . In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 99, p. 04007). EDP Sciences . Douglas, P., Robertson, S., Gay, R., Hansell , A.L. and Gant, T.W., 2018. A systematic review of the public health risks of bioaerosols from intensive farming. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 221(2), pp.134-173. References

25. Acknowledgement

26. Thank you....