BIOCATALYSIS AND REACTION OF ENZYMES.pptx

IT TALKS ABOUT BIOCATALYSIS

1. BY ADEWALE OLUWAFEMI ABDULMOJEED MATRIC NUMBER: 1909010033 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (BIOTECHNOLOGY), FACULTY OF SCIENCE, EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE BIOCATALYSIS A SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

2. CONTENTS Introduction of Biocatalysis . Factors affecting the catalytic activity of enzymes Types of Biocatalyst Introducation of Enzyme Immobilization Application of Enzyme Immobilization

3. Introduction Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds in order to speed up chemical reactions. (Sheldon & Woodley, 2018). In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Utilizing natural or modified enzymes to perform organic synthesis is termed chemoenzymatic synthesis; the reactions performed by the enzyme are classified as chemoenzymatic reactions.

4. What are enzymes Enzymes are chemical substances which are mostly proteins. Enzymes catalyze nearly all the biochemical reactions in the living cells. They have unique three dimensional shapes that fits the shape of reactants Enzy m es a r e typical l y d e r i v ed f r om plants, micro-organisms (yeast, bac t eria or fu n gi) or a n i m al t issue (e.g. protease from pancreas). How are enzymes made? Commercial sources of enzymes are obtained from three primary sources, i.e. animal tissue, plants and microbes. These naturally occurring enzymes are quite often not r ead i l y a v a i lable i n suf f ic i ent quantiti e s f or f o o d applications or industrial use. However, by isolating microbial strains that produce the desired enzyme and optimizing the conditions for growth, commercial quantities can be obtained.

5. Examples of enzyme s Mic r obes : e. g . y east, and other anae r ob i c bac t erias Lipases: These are the most widely used class of enzymes in organic synthesis, they are preferred widely becaus e of thei r be t t er stability as c om p a r ed t o other s . P r o t ease s : En z yme s w hich b r eak d o wn p r o t ei n s . Cellulases : Enzymes which break down cellulose. Amylases : which break down starch into simple sugars Microbial fermentation: Yeast fermentation produces ethanol (biofuel), bread, and beer. Bioremediation: Microorganisms degrade pollutants like oil spills, pesticides, and heavy metals. Pharmaceutical synthesis: Enzymes produce chiral molecules, used in drug development.

6. IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION OF BIOCATLYSIS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY High Specificity and Selectivity: The high selectivity and specificity of biocatalysts is one of their greatest advantages. The ability of enzymes to discern between related substrates and generate particular enantiomers, or regioisomers, is very useful in the production of fine compounds and medications. Effectiveness in Moderate Situations: In mild circumstances, enzyme reactions frequently proceed effectively, preserving the structural integrity of delicate molecules and requiring less energy. Innovation in Drug Development: In the production of pharmaceuticals, biocatalysis has become essential since enzymes are utilized to create intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This method frequently results in fewer synthetic steps and higher overall yields.

7. Application of Biocatalysis 1.It is used in pharmaceutical industries for production of drugs. 2. It is used in the Agicultural and Food industry (Biopesticides and Food processing) 3.Biofuels and Bioenergy (Bioethanol and Biodiesel Production) 4.Environmental Biotechnology (Bioremediation and Waste management) 5.Research and Development (Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology)

8. Enzyme Immobilization: Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products . Enzyme stabilization and immobilization are essential methods in the field of enzyme engineering, especially biocatalysis. By improving the enzymes' stability, reusability, and efficiency, these techniques increase their suitability for use in industrial settings. Immobilized Enzyme: An immobilized enzyme is one whose movement in space has been restricted either completely or to a small limited region . Why Immobilize Enzyme : Protection from degradation and deactivation. Re-use of enzymes for many reaction cycles, lowering the total production cost of enzyme mediated reactions. Ability to stop the reaction rapidly by removing the enzyme from the reaction solution . Enhanced stability .

9. Easy separation of the enzyme from the product . Product is not contaminated with the enzyme . Applications: Antibiotics Production: Immobilized enzymes are used to produce 6-aminopenicillin acid, penicillin, cephalosporin . Steroid Production: Synthesis of hydrocortisone and prednisolone. Amino Acid Production: Immobilized Amino acid acylase is used to resolute DL amino acid. the production of L-aspartic acid, L- tryptophan and L-alanine, L-DOPA (B- tyrosinase )

10. Acids Production : Acetic acid, Citric acid, L-Malic acid, 2-ketogluconicacid and 12-ketochenodeoxycholic acid . BIOFUEL PRODUCTION Biocatalysis is essential in the production of biofuels from renewable resources. Enzymes facilitate the breakdown of biomass into fermentable sugars, which can then be converted into bioethanol or biodiesel. The process of producing biofuels relies heavily on biocatalysis, which uses naturally occurring catalysts such enzymes and microbes. Biotechnological methods utilize biocatalysts' selectivity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness to transform biomass into biofuels. Bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas are the three main types of biofuels. This investigation explores the role of biocatalysis and its uses in the synthesis of various biofuels.

11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN BIOCATALYSIS OVER TRADITIONAL METHODS ADVANTAGES 1.Precision and Specificity 2.Efficiency and Speed 3.Novel Capabilities 4.Environmental Sustainability 5.Economic Benefits DISADVANTAGES 1.High Costs 2.Environmental and Safety Concerns 3.Ethical and Public Acceptance Issues 4.Complexity and Technical Challenges

12. CONCLUSION Biocatalysis, which uses the power of enzymes to replace conventional chemical processes with more sustainable ones, is in line with the global push for more sustainable and environmentally friendly methods In summary, biocatalysis is at the forefront of industrial biotechnology, providing ecologically sustainable solutions that are not just economical and efficient.

13. REFERENCES Rajesh G. and Sujitha P: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pee Vee Publication, Page:3-9 Geore M.W. and Chi- Hueng W. (1983), Enzyme as Catalysts in organic synthesis, Aldrichimiea Acta 16(2), 27-34. Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis-https ://www.researchgate.net/publication/347973497 Sheldon, R. A. (2016). Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art. Green Chemistry, 18, 3204-3213. DOI: 10.1039/C6GC00200A.

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