Biochemistry_for_Biology_TheChemistryofLife.pptx

Biochemistry for Biology

1. Biochemistry for Biology The Chemistry of Life

2. All living organisms are made up of different elements known as the simplest forms of substance that cannot be simplified into another form. There are seven elements that make up 98-99 percent of the weight of all living systems which include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and calcium ( Ca ). These elements help in maintaining vital processes inside the body of living organisms.

3. • The FIVE primary elements of Life and all Living things- (You must know these symbols and the corresponding names) • C carbon • H hydrogen • O oxygen • N nitrogen • P phosphorus The Elements of Life

4. Symbol Name Function C Carbon Makes up 18% of the mass of human body Helps in cellular respiration by which the body releases energy stored in glucose Main components of organic compound H Hydrogen Accounts for 10% of the mass of the human body Essential in energy production H + ion can be used as a proton pump to produce ATP to regulate numerous chemical reactions O Oxygen The most abundant element in the body Makes up 61-65% of the mass of the human body Used for cellular respiration N Nitrogen Approximately makes up 3% of the mass of the human body Key elements for protein, nucleic acids and other organic molecules P Phosphorus About 1.2% to 1.5% of the mass of the human body Important for bone structure Primary energy molecules in the body Major components of the nucleic acids S Sulfur About 0.20 % to 0.25% of the mass of the human body Important components of amino acids and proteins Allows cell to use oxygen Ca Calcium Accounts for 1.5% of the human body weight Give skeletal system its rigidity and strength Found in bones and teeth Important for muscles functions Seven Major Elements and Their functions

5. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

6. • are those that DO NOT contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Like water H 2 O and carbon dioxide CO 2 . Inorganic compounds/molecules

7. • O 2 OXYGEN • CO 2 CARBON DIOXIDE • H 2 O WATER Processes we have seen these in: • photosynthesis • Cellular respiration • Carbon, water, & oxygen cycles • Greenhouse gases (CO 2 & H 2 O) V.I.I.M. Very Important Inorganic Molecules

8. Water : The Universal and Versatile Solvent Characteristics and Functions of water in a living system: Biological High heat High heat of vaporization- helps in preventing dehydration in an organisms High heat of fusion Medium for chemical and physical Means of transport

9. • Water covers most of the planet (74% fresh and salt) and makes up the greatest percentage of ALL living organisms. • Depending on temperature and volume, humans can live WITHOUT WATER for only one to ten days Wonderful World of Water

10. H 2 O Wonderful World of Water

11. Because water is so important there are two more important watery terms you need to know- Hydrophilic –water loving molecules, will easily dissolve in water Hydrophobic -water fearing molecules, do not mix/dissolve in water and often move AWAY from water Wonderful World of Water

12. Acids These are the organic compounds that taste sour, change color of a certain indicators (turn litmus paper into red), reacts with some metals and bases, and promote chemical reactions (acid catalysis) in water solution. Some common acids include acetic acid (vinegar) ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), citric acid (common for citrus fruits), carbonic acid (found in soft drinks), and some strong acids like hydrochloric acid (found in the stomach). Its pH is between 2 and 4.

13. Bases This is the type of inorganic compounds that accept hydrogen ions. It has bitter taste, is slippery, and turns red litmus paper into blue. Some common bases include sodium hydroxide (found in soap), potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and some antacids. pH scale- used to describe the acidity and basicity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 1 (most basic)

14. Characteristics Acid Base Neutral Taste   Sour bitter salty pH level Has a pH lesser than 7 Has a pH greater than 7 pH is equal to 7 Litmus paper test Blue to red Red to blue No reaction Reaction with metals Reacts with metal Reacts with grease/ oil Reacts with acid and base examples Lemon juice (citric acid), vinegar (acetic acid), milk Baking soda, cuticle remover, detergent, toothpaste Iodized salt

15. The pH Scale is used to determine the acidity and alkalinity (base) pH Scale ranges from 0 to 14 Acids, Bases, & pH

16. pH is the concentration of H ions Acid = pH below 7, The lower the pH, the stronger the acid as pH approaches 0 Neutral = pH of 7  pure water Base = pH above 7 ( alkaline ), the stronger the base is as pH approaches 14 Acids, Bases, and pH

17. Electrolytes Electrolytes sends electrical impulses in nerve cells and muscle cells during muscle contraction.

18. Carbon Dioxide This is an inorganic compound that is essential for plants to perform photosynthesis. It is one of the raw materials needed in the manufacturing of glucose. In animals, on the other hand, it is a waste product from the breakdown of organic food substance such as glucose. It is also a by-product in the production of ethanol through the process called fermentation and the combustion of fossil fuels.

19. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

20. Organic compounds contain carbon. They are also known as macromolecules. Macromolecules are made up hundreds or thousands of atoms. The individual units in the macromolecules are called monomers. Biological polymers are chains of repeating units of monomers linked together. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

21. • are those that contain both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) and usually other atoms. Like glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6 and methane, CH 4 . We are investigating organic Macromolecules- BIG compounds Organic compounds/molecules

22. Remember M acro mean BIG. These are mostly very big molecules , they are as follows: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins V.I.O.M.M . Very Important Organic MacroMolecules

23. Dehydration synthesis (AKA condensation reaction)- is the building or SYNTHESIS of macromolecules with the LOSS of a water molecule for every bond built. Building and Breaking

24. Hydrolysis -is the breaking down of molecules through the use of water. For every bond broken, one water molecule is used. Lysis = break Building and Breaking

25. Protein Protein are the most abundant organic compounds found in any living organisms. Greek word proteos meaning “first place.” It is a biological polymer constructed from the amino acids as its monomer. Important in the structure of the cells; they serve as gene activator membrane receptors transporters, clotting factors, etc.

26. Protein monomers 20 different amino acids

27. 4 kcal (dietary calories) per gram Foods include egg whites, meat, and fish plants contain limited amounts of protein Proteins

28. Seven major classes of proteins: Structural protein- found in the hair of animals Contractile protein- proteins that provide muscular movement Storage protein- such as ovalbumin, main substance of egg white Defensive protein- includes antibodies that promote protection against foreign bodies Transport protein- includes hemoglobin, iron-containing protein in the blood that transport oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body

29. Signal protein- such as hormones which help coordinate body activities Enzyme- serves as the chemical catalyst that changes the rate of chemical reaction

30. Carbohydrates Refers to a class of molecules ranging from small sugar subunits to large polypeptides It serves as the main source of energy in all organisms. It contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules

31. The monomers of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Like glucose, fructose & ribose The polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides Like cellulose & starch Most carbohydrates have the ENDING OSE… (or saccharide) Carbohydrates

32. Foods include bread, pasta, veggies and fruit 3 types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Carbohydrates

33. Monosaccharides (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) are simple sugars which consist of one sugar unit . It is considered as the building blocks for more complex forms of sugar and also serve as starting materials for the construction of other molecules such as fats. Glucose- known as dextrose or blood sugar. This is the most important fuel sugar for the cells since this is an instant source of energy. Galactose Fructose “corn sugar” is the sweetest sugar found in fruits

34. Glucose Fructose Ribose Deoxyribose Galactose -Saccharide means sugar Monosaccharides-( simple or ONE sugars or carbohydrates)

35. Disaccharides (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) which are complex sugars made up of two molecules chemically joined together. Maltose (malt sugar)- made up of two glucose Sucrose (table sugar)- combination of glucose and fructose Lactose (milk sugar)- composed of galactose and glucose

36. sucrose lactose maltose Remember many carbs end in the suffix -ose Disaccharides (made of only 2 monomers) +

37. Polysaccharides, these are the complex sugars made up of chains and/ or branches of monosaccharide. It acts as storage and as structural molecule. Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

38. Starch Glycogen Cellulose Amylose Polysaccharides- ( complex (OR MANY) sugars (carbs) or starches)

39. Polysaccharides made from Glucose… Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and chitin

40. Lipids This organic molecule came from the Greek word lipos which means “fat” It includes fats and fat-like substances such as phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and other. It is mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen The main functions of lipid are to store and produce energy, serve as insulating material to prevent heat loss and protection against extreme cold, serve as solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones

41. Saturated fatty acid- solid at room temperature and mostly found in animals Unsaturated fatty acids- occur in liquid at room temperature and mostly found in plants.

42. 9 kcal (dietary calories) per gram Lipids include wax, oil, cholesterol and animal fat & many hormones Lipids

43. Are important to all organisms for as the main part of ALL cell membranes Are used as a source of stored energy Are important insulators to help cushion, keep warm and conduct impulses Lipids

44. Nucleic acids Organic compounds that serve as genetic information storage molecules. they provide the information to make proteins. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double-stranded helix molecule. It can serve as pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is essential for protein synthesis. It is usually consists of a single polynucleotide strands.

45. Nucleic Acids RNA DNA

46. Basis of Comparison DNA RNA Sugar   Deoxyribse Ribose (C 6 H 10 O 4 ) Strand Double stranded Single stranded Nitrogenous bases Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytosine Location Mostly found in nucleus but may also be found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria Mostly in the cytoplasm but may also found in the nucleus.