BIOCOMPATIBLE WIRELESS BRAIN SENSORS

The aim of this review is to summarize the current research studies on dissolvable brain implant consisting of pressure and temperature sensors that can monitor traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease.Full articles with each line detailing available @pharmacyhighlights.com

1. BIOCOMPATIBLE WIRELESS BRAIN SENSORS Presented by Pragatii karna Master’s in Pharmaceutics and Drug design Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

2. INTRODUCTION An international research team has developed miniaturized devices to monitor living brain tissue. When no longer needed the devices can be deactivated to dissolve and be reabsorbed into the soft tissue. The wireless sensors were implanted into mice brains and successfully took intracranial pressure and temperature readings . The researchers say the device can easily be modified to monitor a wide range of other important physiological parameters of brain function, such as acidity and the motion of fluids. It could also be used to deliver drugs   to the brain, and with the incorporation of microelectrodes, to stimulate or record neuronal activity . S tudies on dissolvable brain implant consisting of pressure and temperature sensors suggest that they can monitor traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease and soon many more brain related diseases in future. In patient with traumatic brain injury , neurosurgeons attempt to decrease the pressure inside the skull using medications. The Guidelines for the Management of Severe TBI recommend an Intracranial pressure monitor in TBI patients at risk for intracranial hypertension, i.e., patients in coma and an abnormal admission head CT scan which ncludes a mass lesion(s) e.g ., hematoma or contusion, swelling (edema ), etc. In Parkinsonism the device is useful for early diagnosis, tremor detection, analysis of the motor performances, analysis of motor fluctuations (on/off phases), and home and long-term monitoring . Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

3. Electronic readout Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

4. CASE STUDY Data Source: Neurology.org(2018 ) Data Source:khanacademy.org (2017) Data Source: Health data org(2018) Google image source Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

5. Role of ICP Age group Normal range (mm Hg) Adults <10–15 Children 3–7 Term infants 1.5–6 Normal intracranial pressure values Fig: Interaction between blood pressure & cerebral blood flow Image source :D. Laurence(2002) Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

6. Methodology The study is based on review of literature. The data related to the biodegradable wireless brain sensors were collected from various international publications. The intensive review of various books,journal articles,reports,conferences,press release and web materials related to biocompatible wireless brain sensorss were done. Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

7. Fig: Formation of biodegradable sensor implants Image source: L.Rongfeng (2018) Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

8. Fig: Drug delivery via Dopamine entrapment in N anoporous silica in implants for parkinsonism. Source : L.Tessy (2011 ). Qualitative test for biodegradable sensor: Air test Water test Signal strength Dissolution test: In saline baths. Source: L.Tessy (2011) Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

9. The new brain pressure sensors degrade into nontoxic components over the course of hours or days when tested in saline baths. B ioresorbable sensors implanted in live, freely moving animals. Fluorescence images of the cortical surface beneath the dissolved device at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, showing the absence of inflammatory responses. The images are double immunostained for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) to detect astrocytes (red), and Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) to identify microglia/macrophages (green). The white dashed line indicates the site of the implant. Result and discussion Image source: k.Seung (2016) Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

10. In 2018 Researchers in the U.S. and Korea have created tiny bioresorbing brain implants that are naturally degraded by the body after a few weeks of functioning, eliminating the need for retrieval. John Rogers of the University of Illinois  ,co-author of t his is a new class of electronic biomedical implants says current electronic implants used to monitor or treat medical conditions inside a patient’s body can cause inflammation or infection, the new silicon-based device is made entirely of inexpensive, biodegradable materials designed to be dissolved in the body after the sensor’s job is done . (2019)Using nanotechnology, University of Central Florida researchers have developed the first rapid detector for dopamine, a chemical that is believed to play a role in various diseases such as Parkinson's, depression and some cancers . Neuroengineers at Brown University have developed an implantable, rechargeable, and wireless brain-computer interface that could help treat people with neuromotor diseases and other movement disorders. W e must still understand a great deal more about how the brain encodes and decodes information. I see this device more as making a leap in allowing us to explore more natural activity in the brain . Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

11. RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE Scientists at Purdue University (march,2019) say they have built a small, flexible sensor that is faster and more precise than past attempts at tracking glutamate during traumatic spinal cord injury event . Flow and glucose sensors have been investigated for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases and continuous glucose monitoring respectively . Medtronic's FDA-approved artificial pancreas device system, although not implantable, combines glucose sensors with a wearable insulin pump. Sensor data can stop insulin delivery when glucose values reach a preset level Pressure sensors are a wonderful example of such, as they have been extensively demonstrated for arterial , intraocular , and intracranial pressure monitoring . Reservoir-based drug-delivery devices Microreservoirs temporarily store drug payloads until their desired release. In passive devices, drug is released slowly by osmotic or diffusive transport, or in response to an environmental stimulus Drug reservoirs etched into silicon can be capped with removable metal membranes that can be selectively removed by electrochemical dissolution or electrothermal degradation to control initiation of release. Drug infusion micropumps Drug infusion micropumps are either passive or active according to the mechanism used to control drug release. OmniPod , a wearable insulin pump, developed by Insulet Corp, allows for subcutaneous delivery via a small cannula. The drug payload in the disposable reservoir provides 72 hours of delivery. A shape memory alloy actuator controls pump activation and can be operated through a wireless handheld device. Nanoparticles & silicon nanoporous membranes Presented by pragatii karna @pharmacyhighlights.com

12. REFERENCES Seung-Kyun Kang1,2 *, Rory K. J. Murphy, Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain, 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA, VOL 530, N A T URE , p.g . 71, 4 february 2016 Rongfeng Li , Liu Wang and Lan Yin, Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and Soft Biomedical Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing,review,MDPI,Oct 2018. Laurence T Dunn, RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, JNeurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73( Suppl I):i23–i27 . Tessy López 1,2,3  José L Bata-García 4   Dulce Esquive 5,2  Emma Ortiz-Islas 2  Richard Gonzalez 3 Jorge Ascencio 6  Patricia Quintana 7   Gerko Oskam 7  Fernando J Álvarez-Cervera 4  Francisco J Heredia-López 4 and  José L Góngora-Alfaro 4 , Treatment of Parkinson’s disease: nanostructured sol–gel silica–dopamine reservoirs for controlled drug release in the central nervous system,pubmed , Int J Nanomedicine 2011 ; 6: 19–31 . Xu meng , Drexel University(2013), Wireless Intracranial Pressure Sensors for the Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury Ellis Meng , Micro- and nano-fabricated implantable drug-delivery systems: current state and future perspectives, Roya Sheybani , Ther . Deliv . (2014) 5(11)

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