Biocomputing- biological computing

Bio computers use systems of biologically derived molecules—such as DNA and proteins—to perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data. The development of biocomputers has been made possible by the expanding new science of nanobiotechnology.

1. “BIOCOMPUTING”

2. PRESENTED BY Maham Adnan University of central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

3. What is Biological Computing? “Biological Computing means such a computing process which use synthesized biological components to store and manipulate data analogous to processes in the human body .” The result is small ; faster computing process that operates with great accuracy . Main biological component used in Biological Computing is : DNA

4. Biocomputers Biocomputers are not robots or any spiritual being but they work like a powerful computer, CPU as its brain and DNA are its softwares . Biocomputing uses molecular biology parts as the hardware. Biocomputers are able to process inputs and return outputs—thus computing information. Perform computational calculations involving storing, retrieving, and processing data.

5. Principal

6. Computing with DNA (and other molecules) Biomolecules : DNA, RNA, protein Bio-tools : construct, measure, multiply, manipulate molecules Use these tools for computing

7. What is DNA? A hereditary material found in almost all living organisms. Located inside the nucleus of a cell. Helps in long term storage of information. DNA is stored as a code made of four chemical bases(A,T,G ,C). The two strands of DNA molecule are anti parallel where each strand runs in opposite direction. Complementary base pairs: Adenine(A) &Thymine(T) Guanine(G )&Cytosine(C)

8. Computing using DNA structures Polynucleotide : a single DNA strand Oligonucleotide : short, single-stranded DNA molecule, usually less than 50 nucleotides in length In DNA computing, specific oligonucleotides are constructed to represent data items. Nucleotide : phosphate group + sugar + one of the 4 bases (A,C,G,T): the phosphate end is labeled 5’, the base end, 3’

9. What is a DNA Computer? INVENTOR :Dr. Leonard Adleman DNA computer is a molecular computer that works biochemically to solve complex problems and different possible solutions are created all at once. It computes using enzymes that react with DNA strands and cause chain reactions . The language of DNA- A,T,G,C- is used for storage and analysis of data.

10. Why DNA computing? Objective reasons: very small, very precise, very specific, very cheap, and very energy efficient Dense data storage. Massively parallel computation. Extraordinary energy efficiency.

11. How Dense is the Data Storage? 1 gram of DNA =2.2 Petabytes 1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 1015bytes = 1000 terabytes . The number of CDs required to hold this amount of information, lined up edge to edge, would circle the Earth 375 times, and would take1630 centuries to listen to .

12. How Enormous is the Parallelism? The main benefit of using DNA computers to solve complex problems is that different possible solutions are created all at once. This is known as parallel processing . Large size Increase yield and decrease error A test tube of DNA can contain trillions of strands. Each operation on a test tube of DNA is carried out on all strands in the tube in parallel !

13. How Extraordinary is the Energy Efficiency? Modern supercomputers = 109 operations /joule DNA computer = 2*10^19 operations /joule

14. Other reasons for molecular computing Physical boundaries for the performances of the electronic computers Fast development of biotechnologies, genetics, and pharmaceutics (Theoretical) Understanding the essence of computation

15. Computing is Easy A METHOD FOR STORING INFORMATION A FEW SIMPLE OPERATIONS FOR ACTING ON INFORMATION

16. Applications DNA chips Consist of tagged DNA on microchip that can be read using lasers, computers and microscopes- allow 10,000 genes to be analyses on single microchip. Used to detect mutation and diagnose genetic diseases.

17. COMPARISON

18. Cryptography the art of writing or solving codes. DNA encryption is the process of hiding genetic information by a computational method in order to improve genetic privacy in DNA sequencing processes. Genetic Programming Genetic programming starts from a high-level statement of “what needs to be done” and automatically creates a computer program to solve the problem.

19. Medical Application Inflammatory disease targeting, Cancer treatment, targeted imaging pH sensors, Heavy metal sensing, MRI, Detection of biochemical substrate, cell targeting DNA fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.

20. BIO Computing – perspectives What can we compute with DNA ? “Killer” application is needed – challenge for computer scientists Better algorithms than exhaustive search – same comment We need better biotech tools to control the molecules (do they exist already?) – challenge for biotech Cope with the errors: impact on the size of the solutions (in number of strands) How much can we compute –impact on the size of the solutions (in number of strands)

21. BIO Computing – perspectives Positive side Applications to biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Biochemistry. Useful in specialized environments: e.g., extreme energy efficiency or extreme information density required Provide the means to control biochemical systems just like electronic computers provide the means to control electromechanical systems

22. BIO Computing – perspectives Bad news At this moment, we cannot control the molecules with the precision the physicists and electrical engineers control electrons Need of a breakthrough in biotechnology: more automation, more precise techniques Not completely accurate at this moment in time. During an operation, 95% chance a particular DNA molecule will “Compute” correctly. DNA has a Half life. Solutions could dissolve away before the end result is found

23. THANK YOU!