BIODIESEL AND ROLEs OF GLYCEROL PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION

Biodiesel, role of glycerol production and application

1. Biodiesel and the Role of Glycerol : Production and Applications Presented by Thote Kedar Kashinath Scholar ID: 2347109 Under the supervision of Dr. Ruma Rano Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Silchar

2. Overview Introduction About Biofuel Biodiesel synthesis Glycerol Glycerol purification and application Conclusion References Acknowledgement

3. Consequences of Fossil Fuel Dependence C limate change Air pollution Environmental degradation

4. The predicted shortage of fossil fuel encouraged the search for substitutes for petroleum derivatives. This search resulted in an alternative fuel called “BIODIESEL” Review. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 16 (6b), Nov 2005. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532005000800003

5. Biodiesel: A Sustainable Fuel Solution Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. It is biodegradable and nontoxic, has low emission profiles and so is environmentally beneficial. Renewable Source Lower Emission Biodegradable Ma, F., & Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresource Technology , 70(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5

6. Feedstock for Biodiesel Production First Generation Feedstock These are readily available, high-yielding crops specifically grown for biodiesel production, like sugarcane , corn and oil seeds Second Generation Feedstock These focus on non -lignocellulose biomass like agriculture residues , forestry by-products and energy crops. Third Generation Feedstock These are non-food crops or waste materials like algae and jatropha , promising alternative sources for biodiesel production. Ho, D. P., Ngo, H. H., & Guo , W. (2014). A mini review on renewable sources for biofuel. Bioresource Technology, 169, 742–749. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j . biortech.2014.07.022

7. Biomass-Derived Catalysts: Greening the Process Pine Cones Pine cone ash is a readily available, low-cost catalyst with promising activity in transesterification reactions . Banana Peels Banana peels are a rich source of potassium, which can be utilized to synthesize highly effective solid catalysts . Coconut Shells Activated carbon derived from coconut shells exhibits excellent catalytic performance in biodiesel production, making it a sustainable option.

8. Biodiesel Synthesis: From Feedstock to Fuel Transesterification Triglyceride Breakdown : The triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acid esters. Catalyst Role : The catalyst accelerates the reaction by reducing the activation energy . Alcohol Reaction : Alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form biodiesel (methyl or ethyl esters).

9. T ransesterification of triglycerides Terminalia arjuna bark – A highly efficient renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production. Renewable Energy, 212, 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.05.066

10. The Transesterification Process: A Chemical Transformation Triglycerides The main component of feedstocks , triglycerides, are long-chain fatty acids bound to glycerol . Alcohol and Catalyst Methanol or ethanol is added to the feedstock along with a catalyst . Esterification The catalyst facilitates the reaction of triglycerides with alcohol, breaking the bonds and forming fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). Separation and Purification The biodiesel is then separated from glycerol and other byproducts through a series of washing and purification steps .

11. Environmental Benefits of Biodiesel Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions Biodiesel produces significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel, promoting a cleaner environment. Renewable Resource Using renewable sources like vegetable oils and animal fats reduces dependence on fossil fuels, promoting sustainability . Biodegradability Biodiesel is biodegradable, minimizing its environmental impact in case of spills, unlike petroleum-based diesel .

12. B iodiesel Molecule Diesel Molecule

13. Challenges and Considerations in Biodiesel Production

14. Future Trends and Innovations in Biodiesel 1 Advanced Feedstocks Research focuses on utilizing algae and other non-food crops as potential feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel production . 2 Improved Catalysts Efforts are underway to develop more efficient and cost-effective catalysts for transesterification reactions. 3 Integration with Renewable Energy Biodiesel production can be integrated with renewable energy sources, reducing its carbon footprint further.

15. What is Glycerol? Versatile Compound Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is a simple polyol compound. It is a viscous, colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting liquid that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Its chemical formula is C3H8O3. Hygroscopic Nature Solubility Non-Toxicity Glycerol is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air, which makes it an excellent humectant. It is highly soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in oils and fats It is non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-allergenic, making it safe for use in a variety of applications, including personal care products.

16. Glycerol Purification 1 Separation The initial step involves separating the glycerol from the biodiesel mixture. This separation is based on the differences in densities between glycerol and biodiesel . 2 Washing Following separation, the crude glycerol undergoes a washing process. Water is employed to remove residual impurities, such as salts, soaps, and methanol. 3 Filtration After washing, the glycerol is filtered to remove any remaining solid impurities. This filtration process clarifies the glycerol and prepares it for the final purification step . 4 Distillation Distillation, the final purification step, involves heating the glycerol under vacuum. This precise process removes any volatile impurities and yields high-purity glycerol suitable for various applications.

17. Applications of Glycerol Pharmaceuticals Glycerol is used as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener in pharmaceuticals . Cosmetics and Personal Care Glycerol is a popular humectant in cosmetics and personal care products . Food and Beverages Glycerol is used as a sweetener, humectant, and emulsifier in food and beverages. Other Industries Glycerol finds applications in industries like plastics, resins, and explosives.

18. Glycerol in the Pharmaceutical Industry Oral Medications Glycerol is used as a solvent and humectant in oral medications . Injectable Solutions Glycerol is used as a stabilizer and osmotic agent in injectable solutions . Topical Medications Glycerol is used as a humectant and emollient in topical medications.

19. Glycerol in the Cosmetic and Personal Care Industry 1 Humectant 2 3 Humectant Properties: Glycerol is widely used as a humectant in cosmetic products due to its ability to draw moisture from the air and retain it in the skin. Non-toxic and Safe Glycerol is non-toxic, odorless, and anti-allergenic, making it safe for use in various cosmetic formulations. Economic and Sustainable Glycerol can be derived from plant oils such as coconut, soy, and palm oil, making it a sustainable and cost-effective ingredient .

20. Environmental Benefits of Glycerol Renewable Source Biodegradability Reduced Carbon Footprint

21. Conclusion

22. References Ma, F., & Hanna, M. A. (1999). Biodiesel production: A review. Bioresource Technology , 70(1), 1-15. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00025-5 Review. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 16 (6b), Nov 2005. https:// doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532005000800003 Thau , P. (2002). Glycerin (glycerol): Current insights into the functional properties of a classic cosmetic raw material. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 53 (4), 229–236. Accessible at: Journal of Cosmetic Science Wan Azelee , N. I., Ramli , A. N. M., Manas , N. H. A., Salamun , N., Man, R. C., & Enshasy , H. E. (2019). Glycerol in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries: Basics and new applications. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) . Accessible at: ResearchGate Oliveira, F. J. V., & Mota , C. J. A. (2011). Glycerol valorization in the production of renewable fuels. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22 (12), 2425–2431. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-50532011001200003 . Ho, D. P., Ngo, H. H., & Guo , W. (2014). A mini review on renewable sources for biofuel. Bioresource Technology, 169, 742–749. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.022 Terminalia arjuna bark – A highly efficient renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production. Renewable Energy, 212, 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.05.066

23. I take this opportunity to extend my sincere gratitude to everyone who has supported me in the preparation of this presentation . I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Ruma Rano Ma’am for her expert guidance and valuable suggestions. A special thanks to Dr. Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum Sir. I am also deeply grateful to all the teachers of the Department of Chemistry NIT Silchar , for giving me the opportunity to present my work. Their encouragement and support have inspired me to strive for excellence . Lastly , I would like to thank Shikhasmita Das for her continuous support and thoughtful advice throughout the preparation process. Her help and motivation have been invaluable . Acknowledgment

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