BIODIVERSITY Environmental Science Of World

Biodiversity explanation

1. BIODIVERSITY Variety and Variability among all life forms

2. Levels of biodiversity Biodiversity is wide-ranging and is normally divided into three types or levels: Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity

3. Species diversity

4. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

5. Biodiversity hotspots High species richness High endemism Under threat Atleast 0.5% or 1500 species of vascular plants as endemic Lost atleast 70% of its primary vegetation

6. Biodiversity hotspots In world- 36 Madagascar East M alanesian island New Z ealand biodiversity hotspot Philippine biodiversity hotspot South-western australia North American coastal plains In India- 04 Eastern H imalayas Western G hats Indo- B urma region S undaland

7. IUCN categories Extinct (EX) Extinct in the wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CE) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Data Deficient (DD)

8. Species - DD Pgmy leaf insect West Australian seahorse Cadis saddle bush cricket Species- least concern Mascarene Grass Frog Jackknife Fish Grey Partridge

9. Species- near threatened Lightfoot’s Moss Frog Alta Verapaz Salamander Espada's Rocket Frog

10. Species- vulnerable Purple skimmer French Meadow Bush-cricket Papyrus Wisp

11. Species- Endangered tiger Semirechensk Salamander Red Panda

12. Species- critically endangered Southern Bluefin Tuna Black rhino Hawksbill turtle

13. Species- Extinct in the Wild Franklin Tree St Helena Redwood Hawaiian Crow

14. Species- extinct Pinta Giant Tortoise Splendid Poison Frog Floreana Giant Tortoise

15. Threats to Biodiversity Deforestation Habitat loss Over- exploitation Pollution Hunting and poaching Man-wildlife conflict Biological invasion Climate change

16. Biological invasion Traits of invasive species Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist)

17. Keystone species Keystone species are those which have an extremely high impact on a particular ecosystem relative to its population. Keystone predators. Ex- sea otters Keystone modifiers. Ex- American Alligators Keystone prey Ex- pacific salmon Keystone mutualists ex- humming birds Keystone hosts Ex- quacking aspens

18. Keystone predators Ex- sea otters feed on sea urchins

19. Keystone modifiers Ex- Praire dog- burrow deeper in the ground- other species use the burrow as shelter.

20. Keystone mutualists In the forests of Patagonia, a hummingbird species called Sephanoides sephanoides pollinates on its own nearly 20% of the local woody flora. In fact, many plants in the area can only be pollinated by hummingbirds. If these birds disappeared, the diversity of vegetation would decline and some species would possibly go extinct

21. Keystone prey Ex- pacific salmon: Wild salmon nurture whole ecosystems across the region

22. Keystone hosts Ex- quacking aspens, open canopy that harbours diversity on the forest floor attracting many insects not found elsewhere within the ecosystem. Red- necked sapsucker excavates its nest in aspen trees.

23. Flagship species Ambassador, icon or symbol Issue or campaign or environmental issue To encourage people to support conservation projects. Ex- bengal tiger, asian elephant, giant panda

24. Umbrella species Large habitat needs or other requirements Conservation results in conservation of other species at the ecosystem level Ex- tigers

25. Indicator species Presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental conditions ex- lichens – indicator of air pollution