BIOENERGETICS_061905 2025 - 2026 gas.pptx

tHIS PRESENTATION WAS MADE FOR REPORT

1. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

2. J U M B L E D W O R D S

3. J U M B L E D W O R D S

4. SCIETGERNEIOB

5. CORRECT ANSWER: BIOENERGETICS

6. ELLCS

7. CORRECT ANSWER: CELLS

8. SSMNIAGOR

9. CORRECT ANSWER: ORGANISMS

10. ISSETHYNSOTOHP

11. CORRECT ANSWER: PHOTOSYNTHESIS

12. RALULLEC

13. CORRECT ANSWER: CELLULAR

14. NOITARIPSER

15. CORRECT ANSWER: RESPIRATION

16. BIOENERGETICS

17. What is Bioenergetics? is the study of how living organisms produce, store, and use energy. it involves understanding the flow of energy through biological systems, from the molecular level to entire ecosystems.

18. Lesson 1. Energy for Life

19. Autotrophs make their own food, they are called producers. They get energy from sunlight. Energy is the ability to do work. How Do Organisms Get Energy? Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they get energy from the food they consume. Examples: Plants, most algae, and some bacteria Examples: animals, fungi, and some single-celled organisms.

20. Energy-Giving Molecules: Glucose and ATP Lesson 2.

21. it is made during the process of photosynthesis. All organisms mainly use two types of energy-giving molecules: glucose and ATP. in the human body, glucose is transported by the blood and taken up by the cells as energy as source. with the help of light energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide, plants create glucose. the stored energy in glucose is released in a reverse reaction of photosynthesis called cellular respiration. GLUCOSE

22. ATP is made during first half of photosynthesis and is used during the second half where glucose i s made. with the help of light energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide, plants create glucose. this bonds are broken to release ATP in a process called cellular respiration. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) it is the energy carrying molecule used by the cell.

23. Photosynthetic Organelles Photosynthetic pigment are unique pigment found in all photosynthetic organism like plant and some bacteria . photosynthesis and has two group of pigments the chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll a and b are green pigments that absorbs all wavelengths of light in the red, blue, green and violet ranges . while Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments . They absorb light in blue, green, and violet ranges. the pigment found in red algae is called Phycobilins which gives their reddish color, absorb light in blue and green ranges.

24. Chloroplasts are cell organelles found in plants and algae. Each chloroplasts contains grana (singular: granum) where each granum is made up of layers of sac-like membranes called thylakoids . Photosynthesis photosynthesis act as the factory’s powerhouse, supplying over 99% of the energy needed by all living things. It occurs in two stages: Stage 1. Light-Dependent Reactions Stage 2. Light-Independent Reactions

25. Light-dependent reactions capture light energy and create NADPH and ATP , and produce oxygen as by-products. The Calvin Cycle use the NADPH and ATP from light reactions to produce glucose. Stage 1. Light-Dependent Reactions reactions occurs without direct use of energy from light; hence they are often called dark reactions . Stage 2. Light-Independent Reactions Second stage of photosynthesis called CALVIN cycle The discovery of this reaction by scientist MELVIN CALVIN won him a Nobel Prize in 1961.

26. Chemical energy NADPH and ATP from the light reactions are used to create glucose. CALVIN cycle is like a factory inside the plant that take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and turns it into an energy-rich sugar (glucose). Helps plants and other organisms capture and utilize carbon from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce energy-rich molecules. It consists of three main steps : carbon fixation, red uction reactions, and regeneration CARBON FIXATION

27. The process where the enzyme RuBP is regenerated from the fixed carbon molecules, allowing the cycle to continue fixing CO2 into organic compounds, maintaining the plants ability to produce glucose and other molecules. Occur where CO2 is fixed into organic molecules using energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reaction . REDUCTION REACTION Regeneration of RuBP

28. The process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce energy in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), it is the vital function that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. The first stage of cellular respiration, where glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) broken down into pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecules) generating a small amount of ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate). CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGE 1: GLYCOLYSIS

29. STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS OF GLYCOLYSIS : STEP 1 : Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate, trapping it in the cell. STEP 2: GLUCOSE-6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate. STEP 3 : Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1, 6-biphosphate, a key regulatory step. STEP 4: Fructose1, 6-biphodphate is split into two molecules, each with three-carbon phosphate. STEP 5: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. STEP 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate, generating NADH.

30. STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS OF GLYCOLYSIS : STEP 1 : Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate, trapping it in the cell. STEP 2: GLUCOSE-6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate. STEP 3 : Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1, 6-biphosphate, a key regulatory step . STEP 5: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. STEP 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate, generating NADH. STEP 4: Fructose1, 6-biphodphate is split into two molecules, each with three-carbon phosphate.

31. STEP 7: 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate, generating ATP. STEP 8: 3-Phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate. STEP 9: 2-Phosphoglycerate is converted to enolpyruvate . STEP 10: Enolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate, generating ATP. STAGE II: KREBS CYLCE Also known ay citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Second stage of cellular respiration. It is a series of chemical reactions that occur within the mitochondria of cells. It’s a crucial step in cellular respiration, generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of acetyl-CoA, a molecule produced from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

32. THE KREBS CYCLE STEPS: STEP 1: Acetyl-CoA enters the krebs cycle and combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citrate. STEP 2 : Citrate is converted to isocitrate through an isomerization reaction. STEP 3: Isocitrate is oxidized to a- ketoglutarate , producing NADH and releasing CO2. STEP 4: a- ketoglutarate is converted to succinly -CoA, producing NADH and releasing Co2. STEP 5: Succinly -CoA is converted to succinate, producing NADH and releasing Co2. STEP 6: Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, producing FADH2. STEP 7: Fumarate is hydrated to form malate. Step 8: Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, producing NADH.

33. STAGE III: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN It is the series of protein complexes located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Its final stage of cellular respiration, generating most of the ATP molecules this process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. This energy-coupling mechanism in the cell was reveald by Peter Mitchell in 1961, he term it “ chemoismotic ”. In chemoismotic explains how cells repirations and photosynthesis. This theory suggest that the energy from electron transfer is use to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

34. KEY COMPONENTS OF CHEMOISMOTIC PROTON GRADIENT: A concentration gradient of protons( H+ions ) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. PROTON MOTIVE FORCE: The energy generated by the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. ATP SYNTHESIS: The production of ATP and Pi, driven by the protons motive force.

35. TWO COMMON ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in microorganisms, such as yeast. It’s a process that converts sugar into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells and some microorganisms. It’s a process that converts glucose into lactic acid, generating energy. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION An efficient process that yields a lot of ATP Organism that can live without oxygen are called anaerobes Cellular respiration that can proceeds without the presence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration

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