Biofertilizer

Microbes used as fertilizer is known as bio fertilizer.

1. SHRI SHANKARACHARYA MAHAVIDYALA junwani ,BHILAI “ BIO-FERTILIZER ” D R. RACHANA CHOUDHARY H.O.D (MICROBIOLOGY)

2. SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION WHY MICROBES USED AS BIOFERTILIZER? HOW BIOFERTILIZERS WORK? TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZER Bacterial Biofertilizer Cyanobacterial Biofertilizer Mycorrizal Or VAM Biofertilizers Phosphorus Solubilizing Biofertilizers Siderophores Biofertilizers A List Of Important Microorganisms Bio-fertilizer Production and Commercially available bio-fertilize rs ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZERS DISADVANTAGE OF BIOFERTILIZERS CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Over the years, chemical fertilizers have helped farmers increase  crop  production to meet the increasing demand. However, the overuse of these fertilizers is harmful because they cause air and water pollution; and also deplete minerals from the soil. Therefore, there is a need to now switch to  organic farming  which involves the use of ‘Biofertilizers’.

4. ‘ Bio’ means ‘life’. Therefore, by definition biofertilizers are living organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the  soil . It refers to the use of microbes instead of chemicals to enhance the nutrition of the soil. As a result, it is also less harmful and does not cause pollution. The biological routes of improving soil fertility for optimum crop production are operated by micro-organisms & hence they known as biofertilizers also called microbial inoculants. OR In other words, “biofertilizers are the organism which increases the nutrient availability to crop plants either directly or through soil enrichment.

5. Why Microbes used as Biofertilizer? Microbes are effective in inducing plant growth as they secrets plant growth promoters (auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinis , ethylene) and enhance seed germination and root growth. They also play a considerable role in decomposition of organic materials and enrichment of compost .

6. How biofertilizers work? ☛ Biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and root nodules of legume crops and make it available to the plant. ☛ They solubilize the insoluble forms of phosphates like tri-calcium, iron, and aluminium phosphates into available forms ☛ They scavenge phosphate from soil layers. ☛ They decompose organic matter and help in mineralization in soil. ☛ When applied to seed or soil, biofertilizers increase the availability of nutrients and improve the yields by 10 to 25% without adversely affecting the soil and environment.

7. TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS Biofertilizer may be of following types: Bacterial biofertilizers. Cyanobacterial biofertilizers. Mycorrhizal or VAM biofertilizers. Phosphorus solubilizing biofertilizers. Siderophores biofertilizers .

8. A. BACTERIAL BIOFERTILIZER A. Bacterial biofertilizers : There are two types of bacteria which are used as biofertilizers: (a) Symbiotic bacteria: These bacteria are found inside the nodulated roots of leguminous plants. Example:- Rhizobium . (b) Non- symbiotic bacteria: Example:- Azotobacter , Azospirillum .

9. Symbiotic bacteria: Rhizobium   It belongs to rhizobiaceae family, the rhizobium bacteria present in the nodules of these crops are not always efficient. Therefore, the competitive, efficient bacteria are isolated, screened, selected and produced as carrier based inoculants   Morphology:   1)      Unicellular, cell size less than 2µ wide. Short to medium rod, Pleomorphic 2)      Motile with Peritrichous flagella 3)      Gram negative 4)      Accumulate poly β-hydroxyl butyrate granules.  

10. Physiology:   1)      Nature : chemo heterotrophic, symbiotic with legume 2)      C source: supplied by legume through photosynthesis, mono & disaccharide. 3)      N source: fixed from atmosphere. 4)      Respiration: aerobic. 5)      Growth: fast ( rhizobium), slow (Brady rhizobium) 6)      Doubling time: fast grower- 2-4 hours slow grower 6-12 hours. 7)      Growth media : YEMA   Recommended for :   Pulses : chickpea, pea, lentil, black gram, green gram, cowpea, pigeon pea. Oil seeds : soybean, groundnut.

11. Quantity of biological N fixed by Liqiud Rhizobium in different crops Host Group Rhizobium Species Crops N fix kg/ha Pea group     Rhizobium leguminosarum   Green pea, Lentil 62- 132 Soybean group     R.japonicum   Soybean 57-  105 Lupini Group     R. lupine orinthopus   Lupinus 70- 90 Alfafa grp.Group     R.mellilotiMedicago Trigonella   Melilotus 100- 150 Beans group     R. phaseoli   Phaseoli 80- 110 Clover group     R. trifoli   Trifolium 130

12. Non symbiotic: Azotobacter Azospirillum . Azotobacter         It belongs to azotobacteriaceae .It produces growth promoting substances which improve seed germination and growth of extended root system. It produces polysaccharides which improve soil aggregation. Azotobacter suppresses the growth of saprophytic and pathogenic micro-organism near the root system of crop plants Morphology : 1)      Cell size: Large ovoid cells, size ranging from 2.0-7.0×1.0-2.5µ. 2)      Cell character: polymorphic 3)      Accumulate poly β-hydroxyl butyrate granules. 4)      Gram reaction: negative      

13. Physiology:   1)      Nature: chemo heterotrophic, free living 2)      C source: a variety of carbon source ( mono, di and certain polysaccharide) organic acids. 3)      N sources: Nitrogen through fixation, amino acid, NH4, NO3 4)      Respiration: aerobic 5)      Growth media: Ashby Jensen’s medium 6)      Doubling time: 3 hours   Recommended for:   Rice, wheat, millets, other cereals, cotton, vegetable, sunflower, mustard, flowers.    

14. Azospirillium It belongs to family spirillaceae. The bacteria have been found to live within the root of sorghum, bajra and rage plants. They are chemoheterotrophic and association in nature secrete growth regulatory substance The use of azospirillium inoculants help in increasing yield of millets. It significantly increase the growth, chlorophyll content and mycorrhyzal infection in root.   Morphology:   1)      Cell size: curved rod, 1mm in diameter, size and shape vary. 2)      Accumulate: poly β-hydroxyl butyric acid. 3)      Gram reaction: negative 4)      Development of white pellicles 2-4mm below the surface of NFB medium.  

15. Physiology:   1)      Nature: chemoheterotrophic, associative. 2)      C source: organic acid, L-arabinose, D- gluconate , D-fructose, D-glucose, sucrose, pectin. 3)      N sources: nitrogen through fixation, amino acids, NH4, NO3 4)      Respiration: aerobic, micro aerobic. 5)      Growth media: N free bromothymol blue (NBF) 6)      Doubling time: 1hr in ammonia containing medium, 5.5 to 7hr. on malate containing semi-solid medium   Recommended for :                        Rice, millets maize, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane and co-inoculants for legumes. .      

16. Cyanobacteria or blue green algae include unicellular and  colonial  species. Colonies may form  filaments , sheets or even hollow balls. vegetative cells, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions;  akinetes , ; and thick-walled  heterocysts , which contain the enzyme  nitrogenase , for  nitrogen fixation .

17. C. Mycorrhizal or VAM biofertilizers. Mycorrhizae ,  mycorrhiza  or  mycorrhizas ) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term  mycorrhiza  refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, its root system . Symbiotic ( mutualistic ) relationships, in which the fungus obtains at least some of its sugars from the plant, while the plant benefits from the efficient uptake of mineral nutrients (or water) by the fungal hyphae. However, there can be circumstances in which the fungus is mildly detrimental, and others in which the plant feeds from the fungus.

18. Types of Mycorrhizas Mycorrhizas are commonly divided into  E ctomycorrhizas    E ndomycorrhizas . The two types are differentiated by the fact that the hyphae of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate individual  cells  within the root, while the  hyphae  of endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the cell wall and invaginate the  cell membrane . [ Endomycorrhiza includes  arbuscular ,  ericoid , and  orchid mycorrhiza , while  arbutoid mycorrhizas  can be classified as  ectoendomycorrhizas .  Monotropoid  mycorrhizas form a special category.

19. Phosphate solubilizing bio fertilizer Phosphorus is one of the most important plant nutrients and may be critical nutrient for the optimum growth of plants. Most of our soils are in available forms of phosphorus required phosphate application. In the rhizosphere of crops will render insoluble soil phosphate available to plants due to production and secretion of organic acid by them. The use of this bio fertilizer will also increase the availability of phosphate from rock phosphate applied directly even to neutral to alkaline soil or when used for preparation of phosphor-compost. Phosphate solubilizing micro-organism include efficient strain of bacteria, fungi, yeast and actinomycetes in that order    

20. E. Siderophores biofertilizers . Siderophores  (Greek: "iron carrier") are small, high-affinity  iron - chelating  compounds that are secreted by  microorganisms  such as bacteria and fungi and serve primarily to transport iron across  cell membranes although a widening range of siderophore functions is now being appreciated Siderophores are among the strongest soluble Fe 3+  binding agents known.

21. ROLE OF Siderophores High Affinity System Of Fe3+ utilization & Storage. Sometimes requirement for virulence Helps in growth, Colonization and asexual sporulation. Elicit the plant defences through an antagonism

22. BIOFERTILIZER ORGANISMS RHIZOBIUM AZOSPIRILLUM VA-MYCORRHIZA BLUE GREEN ALGAE AZOTOBACTER PSB

23. Commericial production of biofertilizer Firstly prepare the media- Rhizobium : Grown on Yeast extract mannitol broth, Azotobactor : Grown on N-free mannitol agar medium, Azospirillum : Grown on Dobereiner's malic acid broth with NH4Cl (1g per liter) Inoculate the appropriate strain(in flask). Keep the (flask) under room temperature in rorates shaft for 4-5days for,6-7 days,5-7 days. Observed the growth of culture.This is also called as mother Culture.

24. Mother Cultures

25. A LIST OF IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS WITH PRACTICAL/ POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOFERTILIZERS ORGANISMS ACTIVITY ASSOCIATION , IF ANY USED IN CROPS Rhizobium ( leguminosarum , japonicum , phaseoli,etc ) N 2 –Fixation Symbiotic Legumes (pulses, oil seeds, forage crops) Azospirillum N 2 –Fixation Associative Graminaceous crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, jowar .

26. ORGANISMS ACTIVITY ASSOCIATION , IF ANY USED IN CROPS Azotobacter N 2 –Fixation Asymbiotic Wheat, rice, vegetables. Blue-green algae ( Plectonema , Anabaena, Noctoc , etc) N 2 –Fixation Asymbiotic Rice Azolla -Anabaena complex N 2 –Fixation Symbiotic Rice Phosphate solubilizing bacteria ( Thiobacillus , Bacillus, etc.) Phosphate solubilization Asymbiotic Many crops Mycorriza ( Glomus ) Phosphate solubilization Associative Many crops, including pulses

27. Bio-fertilizer Production and Commercially available bio-fertilizers There is a long list of companies dealing with bio-fertilizer production like National Fertlizer Limited Company, Niku Bio-Research Lab, Nitro Laboratories, Orgaman , Orrisa Agro Industries Corporation Ltd etc., are producing bio-fertilizers .

28. ADVANTAGES OF BIOFERTILIZERS Increase the crop yield by providing nutrients to plants. They are safe and eco-friendly. Leaves no traces of toxins or harmful chemicals into soil and in plants. Increases the fertility of the soil. They suppress diseases in plants as well as harmful microorganisms is soil. Increase the nutrient uptake by the plants. They also produce growth hormones. They are safe to handle as compared to chemical fertilizers. Decreases the dependence on chemical fertilizers. Increases the nutritional quality of final product.

29. Disadvantages OF BIOFERTILIZERS : Much lower nutrient density -- requires large amounts to get enough for most crops. Requires a different type of machine to apply than chemical fertilizers. Sometimes hard to locate in certain areas odor.

30. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS The agrochemical industry is more sympathetic now to the concept of bacterial inoculants than it has been previously. There is a genuine interest in developing bacterial products that are reliable and that can act as complements to chemicals already on the market Greenhouse crops are also primary targets for commercial inoculants Pioneering transgenic plants are already in the field expressing insecticidal proteins of B . thuringiensis in cotton plants, making them resistant to various insect pests. A gradual and modest increase in the use of bacterial inoculants is to be expected. Agriculture in developed countries is definitely the major promoter of microbial inoculants that are "environmentally friendly“.

31. REFERENCE Text book of microbiology-R.P singh Biotechnology-B.D singh Biotechnology- U.Satyanaryan Book microbiology-Prescott

32. Thank you