biofertilizers and biopesticides

Agricultural Microbiology

1. Microbes in human welfare: biofertilizers,
and biopesticides
Dr. S. PARTHASARATHY, M.Sc. (Agri)., Ph.D.
Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology)

3. Biofertilizers
•'Biofertilizer'isasubstancewhichcontainslivingmicroorganisms
which,whenappliedtoseed,plantsurfaces,orsoil,colonizesthe
rhizosphereortheinterioroftheplantandpromotesgrowthby
increasingthesupplyoravailabilityofprimarynutrientstothehost
plant.
•MainpartofINSS(IntegratedNutrientSupplySystem)
•Biofertilizersaddnutrientsthroughthenaturalprocessesoffixing
atmosphericnitrogen,solubilizingphosphorus,andstimulatingplant
growththroughthesynthesisofgrowthpromotingsubstances.

4. Group Sub-group
Nitrogenfixing Free-living
Symbiotic
Associative
Endophyte
Phosphorus(microphos)Phosphatesolubilizing
Phosphatemobilizing
Potassium Potassiumsolubilizing
Potashmobilizing
Micronutrients Silicateandzincsolubilizing
Sulfur-solubilizing
Irontransformation
Manganesetransformation
Coppertransformation
Growthpromoting Plantgrowthpromotingrhizobacteria
DroughtandsalinetolerancePinkPigmentedFacultativeMethanotrophs
Types of Biofertilizers

5. GroupSub-group Examples
Nitrogen
fixing
Free-livingImportant:Anabaenaazollae,Azotobacter
chroococcum,Beijerinkia,Nostoc,Bacilluspolymyxa,
Clostridium,andKlebsiella
Minor:Derxia,Aulosira,Cylindrospermum,
Tolypothrix,Stigonema,Rhodopseudomonas,
Rhodospirillum,Desulfovibrio,andChromatium
SymbioticRhizobia (Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,
Sinorhizobium,AzorhizobiumMesorhizobium
Allorhizobium),Frankia,Anabaenaazollae,and
Trichodesmium
AssociativeImportant:Azospirillumspp.(A.brasilense,A.
lipoferum,A.amazonense,A.halopraeferens,andA.
irakense),Herbaspirillumspp.,Acetobacter
diazotrophicus,
Minor:Azoarcusspp.,Alcaligenes,Bacillus,
Enterobacter,Klebsiella,andPseudomonas
EndophyteGluconacetobacterdiazotrophicus(Sugarcane)

6. EFFECTIVE ROOT
NODULES CAUSED BY
RHIZOBIUM

7. Azospirillum lipoferum
Azotobacter chroococcum

8. Formation of chocolate brown coloniesBrown pigmentation of
G. diazotrophicus
Cavalcantae and Doberiner –1988 reported this new endophytic N
2fixer
Endophytic N
2fixers -Found to occur on large numbers in roots, stem &
leaf of sugarcane & other sugar rich crops
Gluconacetobacterdiazotrophicus

10. GroupSub-group Examples
Phosphorus
(microphos)
Phosphate
solubilizing
Important:Bacillusmegateriumvar.
phosphaticum, Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus,B.subtilis,B.circulans,B.
polymyxa,Pseudomonasstriata,Penicillium
spp.,Aspergillusawamori&Trichoderma.
Minor:Rhizoctoniasolani,Rhizobium,
Burkholderia,Achromobacter,Agrobacterium,
Microccocus,Aereobacter,Flavobacterium,and
Erwinia
Phosphate
mobilizing
Arbuscularmycorrhiza(Glomussp.,Gigaspora
sp.,Acaulosporasp.,Scutellosporasp.,and
Sclerocystissp.)
Ectomycorrhiza(Laccariaspp.,Pisolithusspp.,
Boletusspp.,Amanitaspp.),
Ericoidmycorrhizae(Pezizellaericae),and
Orchidmycorrhiza(Rhizoctoniasolani)

11. Bacillus megatherium Pseudomonas striata
GlomusArbuscule

12. Group Sub-group Examples
Potassium
Micronutrients
Potassium
solubilizing
Bacillusedaphicus,Bacilluscirculans,Bacillus
brevis,Bacilluscoagulans,Burkholderiacepacia,
Burkholderiametallica,Pseudomonasotitidis,
TorulopsoraglobosaandPaenibacillus
glucanolyticus
Potash
mobilizing
Bacillusmucilaginosus,Pseudomonasgessardii
andEnterobacterasburiae
Silicateand
zincsolubilizing
Bacillussubtilis,Gluconacetobacterdiazotrophicus,
Thiobacillusthioxidans,Rhizobiumdaejeonense,
Pantoeadispersa,Pantoeaagglomeransand
Saccharomycessp.
Sulfur-
solubilizing
Thiobacillusthioxidans,Beggiatoa,and
Desulfovibrio
Iron
transformation
Gallionella,Ferribacterium,andLeptothrix
Manganese
transformation
Aerobacter,Cornybacterium,Flavobacterium,and
Cladosporium
Copper
transformation
Desulfovibrio,Clostridium,andEscherichia

13. Burkholderia cepacia
Bacillus mucilaginosus (Paenibacillus mucilaginosus)

14. Bacillus subtilis
Thiobacillus thioxidansFlavobacterium Escherichia

15. Group Sub-group Examples
Growth
promoting
Plantgrowth
promoting
rhizobacteria
Important:Pseudomonasfluorescens,
Azotobacter, Bacillus,Rhizobium,
Bradyrhizobium,andStreptomyces.
Minor:Agrobacterium,Achromobacter,
Alcaligenes,Arthrobacter,Actinoplanes,
Erwinia,Enterobacter,Amorphosporangium,
Cellulomonas, Flavobacterium, and
Xanthomonas.
Droughtand
saline
tolerance
PinkPigmented
Facultative
Methanotrophs
Methylobacteriumextorquens,
Methylobacterium
dichloromethanicum,Methylobacterium
rhodinum
Pseudomonas fluorescens Methylobacterium extorquens

16. Methods of Application of Biofertilizers
Seed Treatment: 200 g of biofertilizer is suspended in 300-400 mL of water
and mixed gently with 10 kg of seeds using an adhesive like gum acacia,
jiggery solution, etc. The seeds are then spread on a clean sheet/cloth under
shade to dry and used immediately for sowing.
Seedling Root Dip: Recommended biofertilizers are mixed in this water and
the roots of seedlings are dipped for 8-10 h and transplanted.
Soil Treatment: 4 kg each of the recommended biofertilizers is mixed in 200
kg of compost and kept overnight. This mixture is incorporated in the soil at the
time of sowing or planting.
Sett Treatment:Suspended and mixed thoroughly 15 kg bio fertilizer for one
hectare in 300 lit of water. Treat cane sett by dipping in this suspension before
planting.

17. Biopesticidearecertaintypesofpesticidesderivedfromsuchnatural
materialsasanimals,plants,bacteriaandcertainminerals.
Incommercialterms,biopesticidesincludemicroorganismsthatcontrol
pests(microbialpesticides),naturally-occurringsubstancesthatcontrol
pests(biochemicalpesticides),andpesticidalsubstancesproducedby
plantscontainingaddedgeneticmaterial(plant-incorporated
protectants).
Types of Microbial Biopesticides(broadly called as biocontrolagents)
•Bioinsecticide(broadly called as biopesticides)
•Biofungicide(broadly called as antagonists)
•Bionematicide
•Bioherbicide
Microbial Biopesticide

18. Bioinsecticides Target pest
Fungi
Beauveriabassiana Aphids, beetles, coffee berry borer, grasshoppers, thrips, white
grubs, whiteflies, and many lepidopteran pests
Beauveria brongniartii White grubs
Metarhiziumanisopliae Aphids, beetles and their grubs, leaf and plant hoppers,
termites, pod borer, cutworms and other lepidopteranpests
Lecanicillium(=Verticillium) lecanii Aphids, mealybugs, mites, scale insects, thrips, mites,
whiteflies and other homopterans
Hirsutella thompsonii Mites especially eriophids in coconut
Isariafumosorosea(=Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus)
Aphids, thrips, jassids, whiteflies and mites
Bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensisvar. kurstaki Lepidopteran pests
Bacillus thuringiensissubsp. israelensis Mosquitoes, black fly and fungus gnat larvae
Lysinibacillussphaericus
Bacillus thuringiensissubsp. galleriae Bollworms, diamondback moth and other Lepidoptera
Virus
Nuclear polyhedrosisvirus of H. armigera(HaNPV) Helicoverpazeaand H. armigera
Nuclear polyhedrosisvirus of S. litura(SlNPV) Spodopteralituraand S. exigua
Granulosisvirus Leaf folder, Yellow top borer
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosisvirus Helicoverpaarmigera
Pox virus Amsactamoorei
Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Steinernemacarpocapsae, Steinernema
thermophilum, Heterorhabditisindica
Root grubs, cutworms, root weevils, various lepidopterans and
termites
Heterorhabditisbacteriophora Root and foliar pests

19. Beauveria bassiana
Metarhizium anisopliae

20. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki

21. Biofungicides Target diseases
Fungi
Ampelomycesquisqualis
Powdery mildew
Chaetomiumglobosum Damping off
Darlucafilum
Rust
Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum, T.
koningii, T. polysporum, T. viride
Root and soil borne diseases
Verticilliumhemileiae Coffee rust
Bacteria
Agrobacterium radiobacter Crown gall
Bacillus subtilis Soil borne and foliar diseases
Pseudomonas fluorescens Soil borne and foliar diseases
Streptomyces diastaticus Soil borne and foliar diseases
Virus
Bacteriophages Foliar bacterial diseases

22. Trichoderma viride
Chaetomium globosum Ampelomycesquisqualis
Darluca filum
Pseudomonas fluorescens

23. Bionematicides Target nematodes
Fungi
Purpureocilliumlilacinum
(= Paecilomyceslilacinus)
Plant pathogenic nematodes
Pochoniachlamydosporia(=Verticillium
chlamydosporium)
Plant pathogenic nematodes,
especially root-knot nematodes
Bacteria
Pasteuriapenetrans Plant pathogenic nematodes, especially root-
knot nematodes
Pseudomonas aeruginosaPlant pathogenic nematodes, especially root-
knot nematodes
Pseudomonas fluorescensPlant pathogenic nematodes, especially root-
knot nematodes
Bacillus subtilis Plant pathogenic nematodes, especially root-
knot nematodes

24. Purpureocillium lilacinum (= Paecilomyces lilacinus)
Pochonia chlamydosporia
(=Verticillium chlamydosporium)
Pasteuria penetrans

25. Bioherbicides Target weeds
Fungi
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Biomal
Northern jointwetch, Round leave-mallow,
Dodders, Hakea, Velvet leaf
Phytophthorapalmivora Milkweedvine
Alternariadestruens Dodders
Pucciniacanaliculata Yellow nut sedge
Cercospora rodmanii Water hyacinth
Bacteria
Ralstonia solanacearumTropical soda apple
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Phytophthora palmivora

26. Thank You