BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES-BSN1 General Biology

Reviewer

1. BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
GROUP 3

2. ARE THE
FUNDAMENTAL
COMPONENTS OF
ALL LIVING
ORGANISMS.
BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES

3. CLASSIFICATION:

•CARBOHYDRATES
•PROTEINS
•LIPIDS
•NUCLEIC ACIDS

4. CARBOHYDRATES
•Formally known as saccharides
•The term carbohydrates is
derived frome the french term
hydrate de carbone
•The major source of energy for
the body.
•The main function is to supply
the cells with “instant energy”.

5. “THREE MAIN PARTS “
BJU
Monosaccharides
From the prefix "mono" which means
one, monosaccharide is the simplest
sugar and the basic subunit of a
carbohydrate.

The most common monosaccharides
are glucose (also called dextrose),
fructose or fruit sugar and galactose
(sugar in milk).

6. Disaccharide
Are a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides linked
together.
The most common disaccharide are:
Sucrose: composed of glucose and fructose, commonly known as table
sugar.
Lactose: composed of glucose and galactose, found in milk.
Maltose: composed of two glucose units, found in malt (barley/ other
grain)

7. Polysaccharide
are long chains of carbohydrate
molecules, composed of several
smaller monosaccharides.
The most common polysaccharide
are
Starch: storage form of glucose in
plants.
Glycogen: storage form of glucose
in animal.
Cellulose: structural material in
plants

8. Proteins
-formally known as Polypeptides
-a molecule made up of amino acids
-are made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
-Proteins function as:
Enzymes, Pigments and Steroid hormones

9. Structures of proteins:
Primary structure- is defined as the amino
acid sequence of its polypeptide chain.

10. Secondary structure- is the local spatial
arrangement of a polypeptide's backbone (main
chain) atoms.

11. Tertiary structure- refers to the
three-dimensional structure of an entire
polypeptide chain.

12. Quaternary structure- is the three-dimensional
arrangement of the subunits in a multisubunit
protein.

13. Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds
that are soluble in organic solvents and
insoluble in polar solvents such as water.

Functions:
•Energy Reserve
•Chemical messengers
•Insulation

14. COMMON LIPIDS
• FATTY ACIDS
•TRIGLYCERID
ES
•STEROIDS
•WAXES

15. Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats.
They are long chains of carbon atoms with
hydrogen atoms attached.
Two types of Fatty acids :
•Saturated fatty acids
•Unsaturated fatty acid

16. Saturated fatty acids -have all single
bonds between the carbon atoms.

17. Unsaturated fatty acid -is indicated when
a fatty acid has more than one double
bond.

18. The most abundant of the lipids are the fats
and oils, also called triglycerides.
Fats
•Solid at room
temperature and
contain saturated
fatty acids
•Produced only by
animals
Oils
• Liquids at room
temperature and
contain unsaturated
fatty acids
•Produced by plants

19. Steroids are another
class of lipids whose
molecules are
composed of fused
rings of atoms.
Waxes are lipids that come from the combinations of
a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid.

20. Nucleic acids - are large biomolecules that play
essential roles in all cells and viruses.
Two examples of nucleic acid:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- a nucleicbacid that
carries the genetic code of organisms. It is foundly
termed as the blueprint of life
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- a nucleic acid present in
all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA.
Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often
single-stranded.

22. Biological Molecules and
Their Roles in Metabolic
Processes

23. Carbohydrates -Carbohydrates are
sugars and starches that provide quick
energy for the body.

Role in Metabolism: Carbohydrates
are broken down into glucose in
glycolysis, which produces energy
(ATP) used by cells.

24. Lipids (Fats)
-are fats and oils that store
long-term energy and form cell
membranes.

Role in Metabolism: Lipids are broken
down during beta-oxidation to release
energy when the body needs it, such
as during fasting or exercise.

25. Proteins
-are made up of amino acids and are
essential for building tissues, enzymes,
and hormones.

Role in Metabolism: Proteins are broken
into amino acids, which can be used for
energy in gluconeogenesis or to build
enzymes that regulate metabolism.

26. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
-Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA,
carry genetic information and help
make proteins.

Role in Metabolism: DNA provides the
instructions for making enzymes,
while RNA helps produce these
enzymes through transcription and
translation.

27. Enzymes
-are proteins that speed up chemical
reactions in the body.

Role in Metabolism: Enzymes control
all metabolic processes, such as
glycolysis and cellular respiration,
ensuring energy is produced
efficiently.

28. Vitamins and Minerals
- are nutrients that the body needs in
small amounts to function properly.

Role in Metabolism:
Vitamins (like B-complex) and minerals
(like magnesium) act as co-factors,
helping enzymes work properly in
processes like energy production.

29. COMPONENTS OF ENZYMES
•Enzymes are biological catalysts
made of proteins (or sometimes RNA)
that speed up chemical reactions in
living organisms.

30. 1. Apoenzyme
- This is the protein portion of the enzyme and is
inactive on its own. It requires other non-protein
components to be active.
2. Cofactor
- A non-protein component that is required for the
enzyme’s activity. Cofactors can be:
•Metal ions
-stabilize the enzyme’s structure or participate in the
catalytic process.
•Coenzymes
- which are organic molecules (often derived from
vitamins) that assist in the transfer of chemical groups,
such as NAD⁺, FAD, or coenzyme A.

31. 3. Holoenzyme - The active form of the
enzyme, which is the combination of the
apoenzyme and its required cofactor or
coenzyme.

4. Active Site - The specific region of the
enzyme where the substrate binds. The
active site has a unique shape that fits the
substrate (reactant) like a "lock and key" or
through "induced fit" to facilitate the reaction.

32. 5. Substrate -The molecule upon which the
enzyme acts. Enzymes are specific to their
substrates, meaning each enzyme typically
catalyzes one type of reaction or works with a
specific substrate.

6. Allosteric Site - Some enzymes have an
additional site, apart from the active site, called
the allosteric site. Molecules that bind to this site
can change the enzyme's shape, thus
influencing its activity (either enhancing or
inhibiting it).

33. 7. Prosthetic Group
-A tightly bound non-protein group
that is often permanently attached to
the enzyme and is required for its
activity.
An example is the heme group in
hemoglobin.

34. Oxidation/reduction reaction

Oxidation and reduction reactions
- commonly known as redox
reactions, involve the transfer of
electrons between substances.

35. Oxidation
•The process in which a substance
loses electrons, resulting in an
increase in its oxidation state.
•It can involve the addition of oxygen
or the removal of hydrogen from a
substance.

36. Reduction
•The process in which a substance
gains electrons, leading to a
decrease in its oxidation state.
•It can involve the removal of
oxygen or the addition of hydrogen.