Biological molecules you can use to explain AS level Bio.pptx

Biological molecules you can use to explain AS level Bio.pptx

1. Big Idea C H O N P S

2. Macromolecules carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Macromolecule Simple molecule Polymer Monomer Made of

3. Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by polymerization , in which large polymers are built by joining small subunits called monomers together. monomers = subunits = building blocks of molecules polymers = monomers joined up by polymerization

4. What Elements built Biological Molecules? Hydrogen (valence = 1) Oxygen (valence = 2) Nitrogen (valence = 3) Carbon (valence = 4) H O N C

5. Fig. 2-12 Name and Molecular Formula Electron- distribution Diagram Lewis Dot Structure and Structural Formula Space- filling Model (a) Hydrogen (H 2 ) (b) Oxygen (O 2 ) (c) Water (H 2 O) (d) Methane (CH 4 )

6. Functional groups

7. Functional groups

8. Carbohydrate Structure

9. Reaction Condensation  2 molecules of glucose react becomes maltose and release a water Hydrolysis  1 molecule of maltose become 2 molecules of glucose and require a water. Glycosidic bond  C–O–C link between two sugar molecules, formed by a condensation reaction ; it is a covalent bond 1,4 links  glycosidic bond between carbon number 1 and carbon number 4 next glucose molecule. (found in amylose, amylopectine , glycogen, cellulose) 1,6 links  glycosidic bond between carbon number 1 and carbon number 6 next glucose molecule (Making branch in amylopectine and glycogen)

10. Figure 5.5 (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose Glucose Glucose Glucose Maltose Fructose Sucrose 1–4 glycosidic linkage 1–2 glycosidic linkage 1 4 1 2

11. 1,4 and 1,6 links

12. Figure 5.6 (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Chloroplast Starch granules Mitochondria Glycogen granules Amylopectin Amylose Glycogen 1  m 0.5  m

13. Figure 5.7 (a)  and  glucose ring structures (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers  Glucose  Glucose 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1

14. Cell wall Microfibril Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules  Glucose monomer 10  m 0.5  m Figure 5.8

15. Carbohydrate Function organisms’ main source of immediate energy structural purposes

16. Lipid Structure made up of C, H, and O made up of glycerol and fatty acids long chains

17. Lipid

18. Ester bond ester bond / ester linkage: a chemical bond , represented as –COO– , formed when an acid reacts with an alcohol

19. Saturated and Unsaturated Fat

20. Phospholipids

21. Lipid Functions make up fats, oils, and waxes store energy, makes up the cell membrane, and used in waterproof coverings walrus blubber = lipids to store energy waxy cuticle of leaf = lipids to repel water

22. Proteins

23. Protein Structure made up of C, H, O, N amino acid subunits form long polypeptide chains over 20 different amino acids an individual amino acid

24. Peptide Bond Peptide bond: the covalent bond joining neighbouring amino acids together in proteins; it is a C–N link between two amino acid molecules , formed by a condensation reaction

25. Primary structure Primary structure: the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein.

26. Secondary Structure secondary structure: the structure of a protein molecule resulting from the regular coiling or folding of the chain of amino acids (an α-helix or β- pleated sheet )

27. Tertiary structure tertiary structure: the compact structure of a protein molecule resulting from the three dimensional coiling of the chain of amino acids

28. Quaternary structure quaternary structure: the three-dimensional arrangement of two or more polypeptides, or of a polypeptide and a non-protein component such as haem , in a protein molecule

29. Globular protein G lobular protein: a protein whose molecules are folded into a relatively spherical shape, often has physiological roles and is often water-soluble and metabolically active, e.g. insulin, haemoglobin and enzymes

30. Fibrous protein F ibrous protein: a protein whose molecules have a relatively long, thin structure that is generally insoluble and metabolically inactive, and whose function is usually structural, e.g. keratin and collagen

31. Protein Function the most diverse macromolecules various roles: speed up reactions ( enzymes) form muscles transport substances fight disease

32. Proteins, cont. hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells insulin is a protein that regulates blood sugar

33. Nucleic Acids

34. Nucleic Acid Structure made up of C, H, O, N, and P subunits: nucleotides nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

35. Nucleic Acid Function store and transmit hereditary information

36. Nucleic Acids, cont. Two examples: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

37. Whiteboard Question Which is a carbohydrate? Amylase Cellulose Glycerol Polypeptide

38. Whiteboard Question Which characteristic can best distinguish between two different proteins? the presence of nitrogen in the proteins the sequence of amino acids in the proteins the number of amino acids found in the proteins the location of the peptide bonds in the proteins

39. Whiteboard Practice

40. Whiteboard Question Which  best  describes the importance of carbohydrates to organisms? Carbohydrates provide storage for water molecules. Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy source. Carbohydrates provide an additional source for amino acids. Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for genetic information.

41. What is the significance of nucleic acids for cells? They generate energy for the cell. They restrict what enters and leaves the cell. They support and maintain the shape of the cell. They provide all instructions for cellular activities. End

42. Which is the  best  example of a monosaccharide, or simple sugar? Starch Glucose Cellulose Glycogen End

43. Which  best  describes the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells? It hydrates human body tissues. It supplies support to human body tissues. It transports oxygen to human body tissues. It increases the rate of reactions in body tissues . End

44. Which  best  describes the importance of carbohydrates to organisms? Carbohydrates provide storage for water molecules. Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy source. Carbohydrates provide an additional source for amino acids. Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for genetic information .

45. Which are the building blocks of  most  lipid molecules? glucose and protein glucose and fatty acids fatty acids and glycerol amino acids and glycerol End