Biology Classification of Living Organisms.pptx

The Classification of Living organism

King-Kingdom
Philip -Phylum
Came-class
Over-Order
From- Family
Great-Genus
Spain-specie

1. c haracteristics of living organisms Ms. Nelson

2. Learning Objectives: Students will be able to: Discuss the characteristics of living organisms Define classification Appreciate the importance of classification Describe TWO (2) types of classification

3. Con’t Correctly group living organisms found in a named habitat based on observed similarities and differences. Classify organisms into taxonomic groups Discuss the characteristics of chordate

4. Con’t Group organisms in the classes - fish, reptiles, insect, birds, and mammals; and further classified them into the different levels of the hierarchy. Defend modern classification which uses DNA sequences to determine ancestry in a discussion

5. Con’t Create a flowchart to distinguish between vertebrate and invertebrate, along with drawings of some of the organisms to develop an awareness of the different characteristics in which animals can be classed, after justifying the meaning of vertebrate and invertebrate.

6. C haracteristics of living organisms

7. Seven Characteristics in common: Nutrition (feeding): The process of which living organisms obtain or make food.

8. Con’t Animals take in ready-made food and are called heterotrophs. Plants make their own food and are called autotrophs.

9. Con’t Respiration: The process by which energy is released from food by all living cells.

10. Con’t Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and takes place in most cells. Anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen in certain cells.

11. Con’t Excretion: The process by which waste and harmful substances, produced by the body’s metabolism, are removed from the body.

12. Con’t Movement: A change in the position of a whole organism.

13. Con’t Most animals can move their whole bodies from place to place. Plants and some animals can only move parts of their bodies.

14. Con’t Irritability (sensitivity): The ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in their environment or withing themselves.

15. Con’t Growth: A permanent increase in the size and complexity of an organism.

16. Con’t Reproduction: The process by which living organisms generate new individuals of the same kind as themselves.

17. Classification

18. What is classification ? Classification of living things is called "Taxonomy." This is when scientists put organisms into groups based on SHARED characteristics. Do you see any shared characteristics here?

19. Carl Linnaeus Carolus von Linnaeus was a swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist. Linnaeus was born in Småland , of southern Sweden. He studied at the Uppsala University, where he began giving lectures in botany in 1730. He published his first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands between 1735 and 1738. He then became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. He then went on a journey through Sweden to classify plants, animals and minerals. In the 1760s, he published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe. 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778 “Father of Taxonomy” Total sum of species classified: 40,000 History

20. Two most important contribution to taxonomy from Mr. linnaeus 1. The hierarchical classification system & 2. The system of binomial nomenclature

21. The system of binomial nomenclature Linnaeus was the first scientist to develop a hierarchal naming system called Binomial Nomenclature. Two-word naming system using: Genus and Species The languages used are Latin and Greek. This is because Latin is an historical language used by scholars, and was used within Linnaeus first published book. Since then both languages has not evolved due to its lack of usage.

22. Two-word naming system The two-word naming system was brought up because, before carl linnaeus , the name of the organisms were derived, on the basis of kingdom, order, genera and species. the names at that time were too long; so carl linnaeus thought of the briliant “Two- Word naming system” ( Binomial nomenclature )

23. The guidelines for naming organism

24. Italicized the Genus and species words, IF TYPE . For example: Felis catus domestica , is written in italic print like this : - Felis catus domestica The scientific name for domestic cats are Felis catus domestica Capitalize Genus but not species. For example Felis catus domestica Genus Capital letter Species Common letters Underline the genus and species name IF WRITTEN . For example Felis catus domestica

25. If there is no species name for the organism being identified, write sp . If the scientist wants to refer to more than one species, they will commonly use the abbreviation ‘spp.’, which refers to all the species within the genus. For eg : - Cat spp. There is a formal way to let persons know which taxonomist is responsible for naming the organism. This is call authority, this involves placing the first letter of the last name of the taxonomist that names the organism in capital. The letter is not italicize nor underline. For Example if carl Linnaeus was to classify this organism “ Felis catus domestica ”, then he would put the letter of his last name at the end. Eg : - Felis catus domestica L.

26. I mportance of classification Jamaicans call it Soursop What are some common names for this fruit? Brazilians call it Pawpaw In Spanish countries they call it Guanabano Scientific Name: Annona muricata

27. Con’t What are some common names for this fruit? Jamaicans call it Ginep Barbados call it Akee T&T call it Spanish lime Scientific Name: Melicoccus bijugatus

28. Confusion in using different Languages for name

29. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

30. Con’t The three importance are: It helps in the identification of living organisms as well as in understanding the diversity of living organisms.

31. Con’t To understand and study the features, similarities and differences between different living organisms and how they are grouped under different categories. It is essential to understand the inter-relationships among the different groups of organisms.

32. Three Types of Classification Artificial Classification This is based on one or two superficial characteristic without considering any morphological details or phylogenetic relationships.

33. Con’t Natural Classification This is the system of biological classification which is based on several natural characteristics e.g. Reproductive traits, how they feed, internal features

34. Con’t Phylogenetic system This system of biological classification is based on evolutionary sequence and genetic relationships taken in consideration.

35. Activity 1: Let’s classify together

36. Activity 2: S tudents will go on a nature walk in groups of five (5) to undisturbed areas on the school compound and collect five organisms (including an ant) from the animal kingdom in varying habitats. They will then take the organisms back to the lab to be examined with the use of a magnifying glass to complete the table below so as to classify the organisms.

37. Taxonomy Levels Ms. Nelson

38. The hierarchical classification system

39. Domain There are Two domains Prokaryotes (chromosomes not enclosed in a nucleus) Eukaryotes (chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus)

40. Domain Prokaryotes Unicellular Organisms Cells have a cell wall Cells lack a true nucleus, the DNA is free in the cell Cells lack other membrane-bound organelles, e.g. mitochondria, chloroplasts Most feed by absorbing food e.g. tuberculosis (TB) bacterium Examples: Bacteria Eukaryotes Multicellular Organisms Larger than prokaryotic cells Have a “true” nucleus Membrane-bound organelles rod-shaped chromosomes. Examples: Protoctisa Fungi Plantae (Plants) Animalia (Animals)

41. Guess the next taxonomy Level! What always ends talk? Which letter is the loudest vowel? What is in seasons, seconds, centuries and minutes but not in decades, years or days?

42. What letter in the alphabet turns an old coin into valuable coin? Every dawn begins with me at dusk I’ll be the first you see and daybreak couldn’t come without what midday centers all about. Daises grow from me, I’m told and when I come, I end all cold but, in the sun, I won’t be found. Yet still, each day I’ll be around.

43. What letter is the center of joy and the principal mover of sorrow? What comes once in a minute, twice in a moment, but never in a thousand years? Guess the level yet?

44. Kingdom Ms. Nelson

45. Kingdom There are Five (5) Kingdoms

46. Viruses Not included in any of the Five (5) Kingdoms. They are the smallest organisms. D ifficult to think of them as living because they can only 'live’ inside another living cell. They do not have a true cellular structure Like other organisms

47. Prokaryotes C ommonly called bacteria. Occupy environments such as soil, dust, water , air, and in or on animals and plants. Some are found in hot springs where temperatures may be higher than 78 °C .

48. Some can survive freezing in ice. Some have been found in deep cracks in the ocean floor, at very high pressures and temperatures of 360 °C. They are the most ancient group of organisms.

49. They are also the smallest organisms that have a cellular structure. Many exist as single cells, others are found in groups. Their cells have a much simpler structure than those of the eukaryotes.

50. Prokaryotes are vital to all other organisms since they cause decay of dead plant and animal material which releases nutrients back into the environment. They are essential to the nitrogen cycle. They are also important to humans because they cause disease (e.g. cholera and TB) and are used in biotechnology (e.g. in insulin production).

51. Protoctisa Most protoctists are unicellular, that is made of one cell. Examples: Algae protozoa

52. Protozoa are unicellular and feed on other organisms (heterotrophically). They are found in water, and examples include Amoeba and Paramecium. They are important to humans because diseases such as malaria and sleeping sickness are caused by protozoan parasites.

53. Algae live in the sea and in fresh water, and some live on land where the surface is damp. They make their own food by photosynthesis. Some live as single cells, others are found in groups or colonies. A few, such as the seaweeds, can grow extremely large.

54. These have structures that look like stems, roots and leaves, but they are much simpler than true plants. Rapid growth (blooms) of algae can form scums on the surface of ponds, lakes and rivers, turning them green.

55. Fungi Most are multicellular with a body composed of microscopic threads called hyphae, a few are unicellular. Some are used by humans for medicinal and dietary purposes. They are heterotroph i .e. organisms can obtain their food from the environment. However, they do not take in large particles of food that need to be broken down.

56. They digest their food outside the body using enzymes which make it soluble , t hen they absorb the food. T hey are usually found living in or on their food, which can be a dead or living organism.

57. Fungi reproduce by producing spores asexually or sexually. These are dispersed by the wind and water and some rely on animals to take them to new environments. Common fungi are: moulds yeasts mushrooms and toadstools

58. Importance of fungi to humans Important in th e making o f the antibiot i c pen i cillin. Essent ial t o many fermentation processes, such as those u sed in making bread, wine, b ee r a nd other alcoholic beverages. Used to ma ke a range of chemical products, such as anesthetics, birt h co ntrol pills a nd meat tenderizer.

59. Moulds and ru st are fungi th at are important in damag i ng growing crops. Ca us e of spo ila ge of food. Source of food a nd used to mak e food, s u ch as sufu in Ease Asia.

60. The Plant Kingdom

61. Plant (Plantae) The plant kingdom includes mosses, liverworts, f erns, coni f ers and fl ower ing, p l ants. Almost a ll p l a nt s are photosynthet i c. Multicellular organisms Cells have cell walls made of cellulose Cells contain chlorophyll

62. Many plant s are a so urc e of foo d for hum ans a nd o th e r animals. Some prov i de a rich ad di ve r se h ab i tat (figure 1.14) . Some plants can b e u sed as medicines. Bidens i s a weed which ha s a sma ll dajsy - l ike fl ower (fig ur e 1.1 5). Th e l eaves a nd fl owe r s ar e s t ee p e d and u se d t o ' cool th e bl oo d ' ( pri c kl y h e at ) a nd to r e li eve a s i ck s toma c h. Some tim es it i s g i ve n t o c hildren to c ur e w orm s .

63. PLANT DIVISION

64. Plant division Bryophytes Ferns Conifers Flowering plant Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

65. Bryophytes Have simple stems and leaves Have root-like filaments called rhizoids Produce spores for reproduction Live in damp, shady places

66. Moss Livewort

67. Ferns Have proper roots, stems and leaves called fronds. Produce spores on the underside of fronds for reproduction

68. Conifers Have proper roots, stems and leaves Leaves are usually needle-shaped Produce seeds inside cones for reproduction

69. Pine Fir

70. Flowing plants Have proper roots, stems and leaves Produces seeds inside fruits that develop from ovaries of flowers for reproduction.

71. Monocotyledon Leaves have straight; parallel veins and are usually long and narrow. Seeds contains one cotyledon (seed leaf) Flower parts are in multiples of three

72. Example: Sugar Cane

73. Guinea grass

74. The animal kingdom

75. Animal (Animalia) Multicellular organisms Cells lack cell walls and chlorophyll Feed by ingesting Most move their whole bodies from place to place

76. ANIMAL PHYLUM

77. Porifera (Sponge) Stationary organisms Lack tissues and organs Body contains a single cavity with many pores in its walls making a system of water canals Example: Barrel sponge and Vase sponge

78. Cnideria Have a bag- or umbrella-shaped body Gut has only one opening, the mouth Have ring of tentacles around the mouth Example: Sea anemone, coral, jellyfish

79. Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Have a long, flat, unsegmented body Example: tapeworm, liver fluke

80. Nematodes (roundworms) Have an elongated, round, unsegmented body with pointed ends Example: hookworm, threadworm

81. Annelids (Segmented worm) Have an elongated body divided into segments Example: Earthworm

82. Arthropods Have a waterproof exoskeleton (external skeleton) made mainly of chitin Have a segmented body Have several pairs of jointed legs

83. Arthropods class Crustaceans Have two pairs of antennae Usually have five or seven pairs of legs Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen or cephalothorax and abdomen Example: lobster, shrimp, crab, woodlouse

84. Arachnids Have no antennae Have four pairs of legs Body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen Example: spider, tick, scorpion

85. Insects Have one pair of antennae Have three pairs of legs Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen Have a pair of compound eyes

86. Most have two pairs of wings Example: cockroach, moth, ant, house fly

87. Myriapods Have one pair of antennae Have many pairs of legs Body is elongated and divided into many segments Example: Centipede, millipede

88. Molluscs Have a soft, moist, unsegmented body Have a muscular foot Many have shells Example: Slug, snail, octopus

89. Echinoderms Have a body based on a radical pattern of five parts Body wall contains calcium carbonate plates, often with projecting spines Have tube feet with suction pads for movement Example: starfish, sand dollar, sea urchin

90. Chordates Have a notochord (rod) running down the body, most have a backbone Have a dorsal nerve cord with the anterior end usually elongated forming the brain Most have an internal skeleton of bone and cartilage

91. Classes of Chordates

92. Pisces (Fish) Have a waterproof skin covered with scales Have gills for breathing Have fins for swimming Examples: Flying fish, Shark

93. Amphibians Have a soft, most, non- waterproof skin without scales Eggs are laid in water, larvae live in water, adults live on land Larvae have gills, adults have lungs Example: Frog, toads, newt

94. Reptiles Have a dry, waterproof skin with scales Lay eggs with a rubbery shell on land Example: Snake, lizards, iguana, turtle

95. Aves (Birds) Have a waterproof skin with feathers Have a beak and no teeth Forelimbs are modified to form wings

96. Lay eggs with a hard shell Are homeothermic (Warm blooded) Example: Sparrow, cattle egret, hawk

97. Mammals Have a waterproof skin with hair and sweat glands Have different types of teeth Young feed on milk from their mother Are homeothermic Example: Mouse, Whale, and Human