Biology EOC Review

EOC review questions

1. Getting Ready for EOC !!! Objective 2 Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body Systems

2. Objective 1: The nature of science Lab Safety and Equipment Measurement Representing Data

3. Lab Safety and Equipment Scientific Method: 1. Observation 2. Research 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Experiment 6. Conclusion

4. Lab Safety Rules 1. Read, understand and follow all safety instructions. 2. Follow directions and only use equipment that you need. 3. Locate safety equipment. 4. Pour acid to water, not water to acid. 5. Use water to wash chemicals off eyes and skin. 6. Keep correct spatula/stopper with the right container. 7. Report accidents, spills, broken glass to teacher. 8. No eating, drinking or directly smelling chemicals. 9. Keep hair and clothing away from fire. 10. Point test tubes away from yourself and others.

5. Equipment Match the equipment to its correct description. 1. C 2. D 3. E 4. F 5. H 6. B 7. J/I 8. K 9. L 10. M 11. N 12. A 13. G

6. Measurement Accuracy: how close you can get to the correct (true) value. Precision: how consistent you can get the original value, known as repeatability. Measurement SI Unit Tools Volume Liters(L) Graduate Cylinder Length Meters (m) Ruler/Meter Stick Force Newton’s (N) Spring scale Temperature Celsius (°C) Thermometer Mass Gram (g) Balance

7. Levels of Organization Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

8. Chloroplasts Central Vacuole Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER Nucleus Lysosomes Cell Membrane Cyotplasm Cell Wall Cell Membrane Animal Cell Plant Cell Eukaryotes

9. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

10. How do things go in and out of the cell? Diffusion Molecules move from areas of high concentration to an areas of less concentration . i.e. from where there are a lot of them to where there are none… Ex. Mom is mopping in the kitchen and you can smell it in your room…the Pine Sol molecules have diffused across the house!

11. Osmosis : Another way a cell maintains homeostasis Water moving in and out of cells… Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution More water in cell than out  Cell Shrinks  Hypo”hippo” tonic Solution More water outside cell than in  cell swells and blows up  Isotonic Solution Equal amounts of water in and out of cell  Cell is Happy 

12. Moving the Big Stuff!! Large molecules are more difficult to get passed the “Bouncer  AKA cell membrane” Passive Transport “easy” no energy Homeostasis Again!!

13. Moving the Big Stuff Some molecules are still too big!! “Bouncer Needs Some Help” Active Transport Not so easy Need Energy  ATP!! Homeostasis Again!!

14. Cell Cycle: Cells Have to Reproduce Organisms must: Grow Repair Reproduce Eukaryotes… More complicated!! Prokaryotes (Binary Fission…simple!!) Homeostasis Again!!

15. Photosynthesis: Energy from the Sun Chloroplasts

16. Cellular Respiration: Energy from food!! Mitochondria Makin' That ATP!!!

17. ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells Carbon Dioxide + Water Light Water Oxygen + Sugar Chloroplasts (Photosynthesis (Plant Cells) Mitochondria (Cellular Respiration) Plant and Animal Cells Homeostasis Again!! All About That Energy

18. Macromolecules Nucleic Acids Genetic Info Proteins Structure and Enzymes Carbohydrates Source of Energy Lipids Storage of Energy

19. Nucleic Acids DNA Double Stranded Composed of nucleotides: Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Bases A-T G- C Is the “Blueprint for the building” RNA Single Stranded Composed of nucleotides Ribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Bases A-U, G-C Is the “Construction Worker who builds Proteins”

20. Replication: Copying DNA DNA Cells Copy DNA before they divide Occurs in nucleus A=T, G=C (visa/versa) Sometimes mistakes occur  Mutations: Changes in DNA

21. Transcription: From DNA mRNA Uses DNA info to make mRNA Occurs in Nucleus No T in mRNA only U A=U T=A G=C C=G Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!! 

22. Translation: The Finale mRNA  Protein Occurs in Cytoplasm Players: R ibosomes A mino Acids m RNA P rotein Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!! Wanna know how to make a protein?

23. Okay Solve the Puzzle Find the protein: -AUG CCA UUA Met – Pro – Leu -AUG GGU UCA Met – Gly – Ser -AUG ACU UUU Met – Thr – Phe

24. Genetics DNA makes up Genes There are two parts to every gene called Alleles Each allele is either : Dominant: Expressed (Capital Letter T) Recessive: Not Expressed (lower-case letter t) If both alleles are dominant then the gene is Homozygous dominant (TT) If both alleles are recessive then the gene is Homozygous recessive (tt) If one is dominant and the other is recessive then its Heterozygous (Tt)

25. Genetics Genotype That Gene stuff again  ex. TT, Tt, tt Phenotype What it looks like  Tall, Short…big nose…little nose You get the idea!!!

26. Examples of Monohybrid Crosses The P generation pea plants consist of TT tall plants and tt- short plants . Tall is dominant over short. Cross a tall plant and a short plant Genotype Ratio: 4Tt Phenotype Ratio: 4 Tall Plants Probabilities: Being Tall: 4 out of 4 Being Short: 0 out of 4 Cross: TT X tt T T t t T t T t T t T t

27. Examples of Monohybrid Crosses Cross two F1 generation plants Our last cross only produced one genotype Tt Genotype Ratio: 1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt Phenotype Ratio: 3 Tall Plants: 1 Short Probabilities: Being Tall: 3 out of 4 Being Short: 1 out of 4 Cross: Tt X Tt T t T t T T T t T t t t

28. Levels of Organization Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

29. Human Body Systems

30. Circulatory System Major Structures heart, blood vessels , blood, lymph Functions transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

31. Digestive System Major Structures mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines Functions extracts and absorbs nutrients from food ;

32. Immune System Major Structures white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin Functions defends against pathogens and diseases Stuff that makes you Sick!!! 

33. Integumentary System Major Structures skin , nails, hair Functions protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature

34. Muscular System Major Structures skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues Functions moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support

35. Nervous System Major Structures brain, spinal cord , Functions Regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis ;

36. Respiratory System Major Structures lungs, nose, mouth, trachea Functions moves air into and out of lungs ; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs

37. Skeletal System Major Structures bones and joints Functions protects and supports the body and organs ; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

38. Endocrine System Major Structures hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas , pineal, adrenal , thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries Functions regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis ; regulates other organ systems

39. Taxonomy: Classifying and Organizing Eight Levels Domain - Broadest level DID KINGDOM - KING PHYLUM - PHILLIP CLASS - COME ORDER - OVER FAMILY - FOR GENERA - GOOD SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI - Species can interbreed and produce offspring

40. Classifications There are only 2 Domains: Prokayota - All Bacteria Eurkaryota - Everything Else There are 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

41. Cell Membranes Cytoplasm Ribosomes Animals Plants Fungi Eukaryotes Protists: Uni/Multicellular Autotro/Heterotrophs Membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotes: Bacteria Cell Wall Unicellular Only Auto/heterotrophs Eukaryotes Cell Wall Autotrophs Membrane- Bound Organelles Eurkaryotes Heterotrophs Membrane- Bound organelles Eukaryotes Cell Wall Heterotrophs Membrane-bound Organelles Multi/Unicellular Kingdoms

42. DNA/ RNA I can not reproduce on my own I’m Non-living I’m just a Little “ Robot ” I cause HIV, Influenza, Small Pox Bacteria vs. Viruses: Living vs. Non-Living I can reproduce though Binary Fission I’m Alive I have all this Cool cell stuff Inside!! I cause strep, Staph, E. coli, Diptheria…Yuck ! Killer T-cells (really big White blood cells) are Our arch-enemies!!

43. Virus…”How it’s All Done” Attaches Injects Viral DNA Forces cell to build virus parts Oooh..it’s crowded in here!! Virus explode Out of cell

44. Evolution: Change over Time Fossil Preserved or mineralized remains or imprint of organism that lived long ago

45. How do we know evolution has occurred? Homologous Structures Structural features with a common evolutionary origin Vestigial Structures Body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

46. Natural Selection: Decent with Modification Natural Selection Organisms best adapted to their environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their “super genes”!! Ex. A strange mutation occurs which makes a moth white…well it snows. Who survives best the white moth or the black moth!!

47. Adaptations Mimicry A structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species Copying…to stay alive!! Camouflage Adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings Animals  INCOGNITO!!

48. Adaptations: Those Pesky Bacteria Again Bacteria have this funny way of repelling all of our modern antibiotics and antibacterial chemicals Because they reproduce so rapidly new mutations occur often These new mutations often lead to RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS OR ANTIBACTERIALS!!!

49. Extinctions: Organisms go Bye-Bye! Extinction One species goes BYE BYE!! Mass Extinction Many species go BYE BYE!!

50. Ecology Begins with the SUN Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

51. Energy Transfer Producers Autotrophs Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis) Have the most energy!! Consumers Heterotrophs Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive

52. Energy Pyramid Tertiary Consumer .1% Energy Smallest Biomass Secondary Consumer 1% Energy Even Smaller Biomass Primary Consumer 10% Energy Smaller Biomass Producers 100% Energy Large Biomass

53. Food Web: Arrows point to where the energy is flowing

54. Draw as many food chains as possible!!

55. Food Web Arrows point to Where energy is flowing!!

56. Water Cycle

57. Levels of Organization Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

58. Living or Not Biotic Living Fungus Abiotic Not Living Virus

59. Ecosystems Organism An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

60. Ecosystem Population A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

61. Ecosystem Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives It’s home!! Niche is an organism’s total way of life Kinda…like its day job!!

62. Symbiosis Interactions between species can become so intimate that one or both become dependent on the other PARASTISM COMMENSALISM MUTALISM

63. Parasitism One species benefits at the expense of the other. Ex. Leech sucking your blood!!!

64. Commensalism One species benefits while the other is unaffected Ex. Epiphytes are plants that grow on trees. They do not harm or help the trees that live on.

65. Mutualism Both species benefit Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.

66. Predation Organisms eating other organisms Ouch..that’s gotta sting a little!!

67. Parts of the Plant Roots water and minerals are absorbed (taproots vs fibrous roots)

68. Leaves Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in and O2 out. Guard cells open and close. Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss

69. You're All Done!!