Biology lecture

three chapters or more: cell, science, branches of biology, kingdoms of life, bio molecules and skeletal system

1. Nat Sci 1
Biological Science

2. Topic Outline
Grading system
House Rules
Topic lessons
- Introduction
- The Living Kingdoms
- The Chemistry of Life
- Cell Structure and Function
- Skeletal System

3. Grading System
Class standing 2/3
Examination 1/3(% /3)
Requirements for Class Standing
Quizzes 40%
Assignments 20%
Seat work/ OR 30%
Attendance 10%
( 100% x 2)/3=CS Grade
1/3 of the exam +CS = your Grade

4. House Rules
During exam no cheating. When caught
cheating automatic zero(40 grade).
Submit assignments on time, late submission
will not be accepted. In case when you are
absent let your classmate submit your
assignment.
In case when you are absent, inform your
teacher or submit a letter when you back to
class.
 Comply all the requirements to avoid to get a
low grade or failed grade.

5. House Rules
When you copy an assignment make sure you
understand the content because when the
teacher asked, you are able to answer the
question.
The grade you receive would depend on the
scores that you give to your teacher. Your
teacher will just compute and gave you the
total.
Before the exam make sure you have
reviewed all the topics discussed. Sometimes
the contents exam were already taken during
your quizzes.

6. What is Biology?
BIOLOGY – is the study of living organism which
includes:
- structural function
- origin
- evolution classification, interrelationships
- ecology

7. Fields of Biology
2 Major Divisions
1. Botany – the scientific study of plants
2. Zoology – deals with the study of all aspects of
animal life.

8. Branches of Zoology
1. Anatomy -the study of body parts and
their location
2. Ecology- study of interrelationships of
organisms in the habitat.
3. Embryology -it is the study of the
formation and development of an
individual from gametes to an organism

9. Branches of Zoology
4. Evolution – the study of change
undergone by species through the ages.
5. Genetics – the study of genes, heredity
and variation.
6. Morphology – study on form and structure
of organism
7. Cytology – study of cells
8. Histology – study of tissues.

10. Branches of Zoology
9. Gross Anatomy – it is a study of
microscopic structure of tissues and
organs. (mix anatomy and histology)
10. Paleozoology – the study of animal
fossils
11. Physiology – the study of how body
parts function and how they work.

11. Other specialized sciences
A. Taxonomy – naming, describing,
classifying living organism.
Some variations:
a.1. Apiculture – study of bees
a.2. Anthropology – study of man
a.3. Carcinology – study of crabs
a.4. Conchology – study of shells

12. Assignment #1

Identify the specialized discipline. Write
your answer on a ½ sheet of paper:
1. Helminthology- study of worms
2. Entomology - study of insects
3. Herpetology - study of reptiles and
amphibians
4. Ichthyology - study of fishes
5. Lchenology - study of lichens
6. Malacology - study of soft-bodied
animals

13. cont.......
7. Mycology - study of fungi
8. Ornithology - study of birds
9. Parasitology - study of parasites
10. Phycology - study of algae
11. Protozoology - study of one-celled
organism
12. Virology - study of virus
13. Microbiology - study of microorganisms
14. Mammalogy - study of mammals
15. Helmithology - study of worms

14. Other Sciences linked to Biology
1. Astronomy
2. chemistry
3. Geology
4. mathematics
5. Physics

15. What is Science?
Science is an objective, logical and
repeatable attempt to understand the
principles and forces operating the
natural universe.
Derived from Latin verb “scientia” which
means “to know”

16. Process of Science
Scientific Method – way of gaining
information about the world by
forming possible solutions to questions
followed by rigorous testing to
determine if the proposed solutions
are valid.

17. Ideal Steps to scientific process.
1. observation – defining the problem
2. Question Formulation – asking about
your observation
3. Exploration of Alternative Resources-
gathering more information about the
observation.
4. Hypothesis Formation - one or more
falsifiable explanation for the observation.

18. cont....
5. Experimentation
experiment is a re-creation of an event or
occurrence in a way that enables a
scientist to support or disprove a
hypothesis.
6. Theory formation
- is a hypothesis that has been
repeatedly tested with little modifications

19. 7. Law Fomation/ Generalizations
- the observed regularities in the study
theory:
= systematic sets of concepts that
relate data, explain the concept of the
study and serve to guide the future
research

20. Assignment # 2
What are the limitations of
Science?

21. Limitations of Science
1.The type of questions can be answered

2. The time it may to find and answer
3. The lack of absolute certainty in the answer.
4. The inability to make moral or value
judgements.

22. How do we start to study in
biology ?
To start with biology we deal in by
component parts (units) because life was
placed in hierarchy of organization with the
smallest and simplest units at the bottom
and the largest and most complex at the
top.

23. 1. atoms
The smallest particle of a
chemical element that
can exist alone or in
combination.

24. 2. Molecules
A small unit of matter

25. 3. Cell
The fundmental unit of living things.

26. 3. Tissue
A group of cells with similar function.
For ex. Areolar tissue (the shown fig.)

27. 6. Organ
A group of tissues
with overall function
for example: heart

28. 7. Organ System
A group of cell,
tissues and organs
that perform a
specific major
function

29. 8. Individual/ Complex Organism
The total interaction of the organ systems

30. 9. Population
Group of similar
individual who
tend to mate with
each other in a
limited
georgraphic area

31. 10. Species
Group of similar
individuals who tend to
mate and produce
viable, fertile
offsprings.
Pithecophaga jefferyi

32. 11. Community
the relationships
of smaller
groups of
organisms with
each other
and their
environment.

33. 12. Ecosystem
The relationship of smaller groups of
organisms with each other and their
environment

34. 13. Biosphere

35. Emergent Properties of Life
1. Organization
2. Energy acquisition
and Release
3. Reproduction and
Heredity
4. Growth and
Development
5. Homeostasis
6. Adaptation
7. Detection and
Response to Stimuli
8. Interactions
The distinguishing properties that are
unique to living things.

36. The Living Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divisions of living nature
categorizing living thins to express their line or
phylogeny
When these kingdoms of life
established?

37. In the beginning.......
There are two (2) kingdoms
established by C____ L ____ (1778)
- he pioneered the biological nomenclature.
Life
Regnum Animale
(Animal Kingdom)
Regnum Vegetabile
(Plant kingdom)

38. In 1674, Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek
The “father of microscopy”
Invented the simple microscope and observed the
single celled organisms.
......1866... Richard Owen, John Hogg and
Ernst Haeckel proposed the 3
rd
kingdom
Life
Kingom protista
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae

39. 1938.....Herbert Copeland
Proposed the fourth kingdom, after the invention
of the electron microscope.

Life
Life
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-
green algae)
1960 – as proposed by
Edouard Chatton

40. 1970 onwards...
- increasing emphasis on molecular level
comparisons of genes.
Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom
Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as
much genetic difference between these two
groups as between either of them and all
eukaryotes.

41. 6 kingdoms

42. The six-kingdom system is still recognizably an
expansion of the original two-kingdom system:
Animalia remains; the original category of plants
has been split into Plantae and Fungi; and
single-celled organisms have been introduced
and split into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.

43. In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger
noted that the Protista were "a grab-bag for all
eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi".
They argued that only monophyletic groups – an
ancestor and all of its descendents – should be
accepted as formal ranks in a classification.

45. As of April 2010, there appears to be a consensus
that the six supergroup model does not reflect
the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes, although
there is no agreement as to the model which
should replace it

46. Summary

47. First Quiz
20 minutes

48. Chemistry Of Life

49. Most of the activities of the cell involves
changes.
The cell is the smallest structural unit of an
organism that has all the attributes of life.
cell organelles which are composed of big
molecules from different compounds
these organic compounds are:
1. carbohydrates 4. vitamins
2. proteins 5. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acid

50. Carbohydrates (energy source)
Three main types
a. Monosaccharide
glucose – the blood sugar
b. Disaccharide
sucrose – from sugar cane
lactose – from milk
maltose - from malt
c. Polysaccharide – starch and cellulose (plant)

52. Proteins
-Building blocks
-Regulates chemical activities

53. Lipids
Are heterogeneous group
that have a greasy
characteristics and
insoluble to water.
a. fats
b. phospholipids
c. Steroids

54. Phospholipids

55. Steroids
Responsible for growth and development
example:
estrogen - female hormone
testosterone - male hormone
GH - responsible for growth

56. Vitamins
Another organic component that also responsible
for development and growth.
1. Vitamin A – formed in the liver from carotenoid
pigments found in green leafy vegetables.
2. Vitamin D – has two forms
Vitamin D-2 and Vit D- 3
= both to prevent the disease rickets
= source is the sun and cod liver oil

58. Vit D is required for normal growth and
absorption of calcium and Phosphorus by the
intestine.
Vit E known as tocopherol needed for normal
growth and development.
Vit K – for anti-hemorrhagic and necessary in
prothrombin synthesis

60. Vitamin B complex - necessary for metabolism

61. Vitamin C- ascorbic acid

62. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids – complex high-molecular
weight macromolecules composed of
nucleotide
- it is a constituents of genes and
viuses.
A. DNA
B. RNA

64. Inorganic Components
These include minerals and water.
2.Sulfur – component of proteins.
3.Phosphorus – for maintenance of bone and
teeth, nerves and muscle activity. Controls
blood clotting and cell permeability
4.Potassium – cell conduction
5.Chlorine – important in fluid balance
6.Magnesium – component and activator of
many coenzymes

65. 6. Iron – component of hemoglobin pigment and
some enzymes
7. Iodine – Essential for the synthesis of thyroxin
in the thyroid gland.
8. Calcium – present in teeth and cell wall
needed in muscular contraction and blood
clotting.

66. Cell Structure and Function

67. Three division of the cell
1. cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
Two cell domain:
1. Eukaryotic cell

2. Prokaryotic cell

68. Assignment #3
Make a table to differentiate
the prokaryotic cell from the
eukaryotic cell

72. Skeletal System
Function:
1. To support and give shape to the body.
2. To protect the vital organs and tissues of
the body.
3. To aid in movement by giving muscles
something firm to work against.
4. Site of hematopoisis
5. Storage of minerals and fats.

73. Types of Skeletal System
1. hydrostatic skeleton
2. endoskeleton
3. exoskeleton

74. Components
A.Cartilage
- it is a translucent elastic connective
tissue.
- made up of cells called chondrocytes.
B. Bone
- are hard largely calcareous tissues
most of the skeleton of a vertebral
animal.
- are mineralized connective tissues.

77. Types of Bone Tissue
1.Compact Bone – closely pact
osteons or haversian systems.
2. Spongy Bone – it consist of plates
(trabeculae) that looks like a
honeycomb network of rigid bars.

79. Bone Formation
•Intramembranous Ossification – involves
replacement of sheet-like tissue membranes
with bony tissue.
•Endochondral Ossification – It involves the
conversion of cartilage into bone
ASSIGNMENT #4
DRAW THE TWO PROCESSES OF
BONE FORMATION IN A SHORT
BOND PAPER

81. Skeletal organization

82. a skeleton has
206 bones
(number may
vary per
person).The
skleton is
divided into the
axial and
appendicular
skeletons.

83. Axial skeleton

84. a1-1: Cranium: 8 bones
1 Frontal bone
2 Parietal bones
1 Occipital bone
2 Temporal bones
1 sphenoid
1 Ethmoid

85. a1-2: Face: 14 bones
2 maxillary bones
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
1 Vomer
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Mandible
a2- Hyoid bone: thin bone
located in the upper throat,
supporting the tongue.

87. a3- Vertebral
column

88. a3-1 Cervical vertebrae
a3-2 Thoracic
vertebrae
a3-3 Lumbar
vertebrae
a3-4 Sacral
vertebrae
a3-5 Coccygeal
vertebrae

89. a5- Sternum

90. b- Appendicular skeleton
b1- Upper limb
b1-1: Pectoral girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula
b1-2 Upper arm: Humerus
b1-3 Lower arm: Ulna
Radius
b1-4 Wrist: 8 Carpal bones
b1-5 Hand: 5 Metacarpal bones
Phalanges

92. b2- Lower limb
b2-1 Pelvic girdle: Coxal bones
b2-2 Upper leg: Femur
b2-3 Lower leg: Tibia
Fibula
b2-4 Ankle: 7 tarsal bones
b2-5 Foot: 5 Metatarsal bones
and phalanges

93. 5-5. Joints
Connect bone to bone. Can be non movable, slightly
movable or fully movable.
Classified as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joints.
- Fibrous joints: Bones are connected with collagen
fibers. Ex: cranium bones (non movable)
- Cartilagenous joints: cartilage between the bones. Ex:
ribs to sternum (non movable)
- Synovial joints: full mobility possible

96. 5-6. Diseases and disorders of
the skeletal system
- Sprains: Stretched or torn ligaments à
pain, swelling, bruising. A slight
stretch will heal slowly because this
tissue does not have blood vessels
and a torn ligament will need surgery
for repair. (a strain is a pulled muscle)
- Bursitis and tendonitis: inflammation of
the bursa and tendons due to injury or
repeated use (tennis elbow)
- Arthritis: joint inflammation.

97. -Osteoarthritis is a wear and tear due
to age of the cartilage of the
articulation. Common in older people.
Painful because there is friction and
inflammation between the surface of
the 2 bones.
- rheumatoid arthritis: the person's
immune system attack the cartilage of
the joints which become deformed and
non functional.