BIOLOGY PROJECT (1)_compressed_organized (1).pdf

investigaory file of biology of class 12 session-25-26

1. HUMAN EVOLUTION
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PROJECT BY- KAJAL PRAJAPATI

2. INDEX
•HUMAN EVOLUTION 5
•THE FIRST HUMAN FOSSIL EVIDENCE 6
•HOW DID HUMAN EVOLVE 7-8
•EVOLUTION BY STAGES
➢ Dryopithecus
➢Ramapithecus
➢Australopithecus
➢Homo Habilis 9-12
➢Homo Erectus
➢Homo Neanderthalensis
➢HomoSapiens
•CONCLUSION 13
•BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
CONTENTS Pg.no.
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3. Human evolution:
Human evolution is the evolutionary process
within the history of primates that led to the
emergence of homo sapiens as a distinct species
of the hominid family , which includes all the
great apes. This process involved the gradual
development of traits such as human bipedalism,
dexterity and complex language , as well as
interbreeding with other hominins (a tribe of the
African hominid subfamily), indicating that
human evolution was not linear but web like .The
study of human evolution involves several
scientific disciplines, including physical and
evolutionary anthropology, paleontology, and
genetics
Evolution of man - brief idea of ancestors
leading to man of today;comparison and
homology in chromosomes of apes and man.
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4. THE FIRST HUMAN FOSSIL
EVIDENCE
Found in Java, Indonesia. Homoerectus skull,
Known as Java Man, this early humanspecies
was identified based on fossil evidence first
found in 1891 in archaeological sites along
theSolo River, East Java, Indonesia. This
specimen is the Sangiran 17 skull, found in
1969in the Sangiran Cave, Central Java. It has
been dated to between 1.3 and 1 million years
ago, though estimates vary
.
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5. About six million years ago in Africa, the chimpanzee
lineage and our own split. What happened to us after that
split? Thehominidlineage did not march in a straight line
toHomo sapiens. Instead, the early hominid lineage gave
rise to many other (now extinct) hominids. Examining the
fossils, the artifacts, and even the DNA of these relatives
has helped us understand how this complex hominid tree
evolved, and how modern humans came to exist.
HOW DID HUMAN EVOLVE?
Here are some of the important events in
human history, with approximate dates,
which reflect the evidence currently
available:
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6. •Before 5 mya:In Africa, our ancestral lineage and the
chimpanzeelineage split.
•Before 4 mya:The hominidAustralopithecus
anamensiswalked around what is now Kenya on its
hind legs.
•3 mya:Australopithecus afarensis(“Lucy“) lived in
Africa.
•2.5 mya:Some hominids made tools by chipping stones
to form a cutting edge. There were perhaps four or more
species of hominid living in Africa.
•2 mya:The first members of the Homo clade, with their
relatively large brains, lived in Africa.
•1.5 mya:Hand axes were used. Also, hominids had
spread out of Africa and into much of Asia and Europe.
These hominids included the ancestors of Neanderthals
(Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe andHomo erectusin
Asia.
•100,000 years ago:Human brains reached more or less
the current range of sizes. EarlyHomo sapienslived in
Africa. At the same time,Homo
neanderthalensisandHomo erectuslived in other parts of
the Old World.
•50,000 years ago:Human cultures produced cave
paintings and body adornment, and constructed
elaborate burials. Also, some groups of modern humans
extended their range beyond Africa.
•25,000 years ago:OtherHomospecies had gone extinct,
leaving only modern humans,Homo sapiens, spread
throughout the Old World.
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7. EVOLUTION BY STAGES
Evolution involves gradual changes from simple to more complex
forms. Humans are believed to have developed from simpler forms.
Evolution is hypothesized to have begun in the oceans billions of
years ago. Darwin gave the theory of evolution. In his book -The
Origin of Species, Darwin has stated that evolution has come
through a series of natural selection. The theory emphasized the
following points:
•Natural Selection
•Variation
•Struggle To Exist
•Survival of the Fittest
Evolution is the outcome of the interaction amongst the
following five processes:
•Mutation
•Genetic Recombination
•Chromosomal Abnormalities
•Reproductive isolation
•Natural Selection
Stages In Human Evolution:-
These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They
lived in China, Africa, Europe and India. The genus
Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes. When Dryopithecus was
alive, the tropical lowlands which it inhabited were densely
forested, so the members could have predominantly been
herbivores.
1. Dryopithecus
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8. Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in
Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia. They lived in open
grasslands. Two pieces of evidence confirm their Hominid status:
•Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines.
•Usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of
upright posture.
2. Ramapithecus
Thefossilof this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South
Africa. They lived on the ground, used stones as weapons and
walked erect. They were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds.
3. Australopithecus
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9. Homo habilis is regarded as the first human and the first species
of the genus Homo. Homo habilis means “handy human.”
Members of this species were apparently able to use tools, build
shelters, and fashion protective clothing.
4. Homo habilis
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10. 6. Homo Neanderthalensis
Neanderthals (the 'th' pronounced as 't') areour closest extinct
human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include
the large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge
nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air.
7. Homo Sapiens
Homo sapiensevolved in Africa from Homo heidelbergensis. They
co-existed for a long time in Europe and the Middle East with the
Neanderthals, and possibly withHomo erectusin Asia and Homo
floresiensis in Indonesia, but are now the only surviving human
species.
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11. Studies in evolutionary biology
have led to the conclusion
thathuman beings arose from
ancestral primates. This association
was hotly debated among scientists
in Darwin's day. But today there is
no significant scientific doubt
about the close evolutionary
relationships among all primates,
including humans.
ARE WE STILL
EVOL VING???
CONCLUSION
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12. ❖www.ncert.com
❖www.google.com
❖www.wikipedia.com
❖www.byjus.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THANK YOU
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