biology-project-cancer.pdf

Class 12th Biology investigatory project class for 2023 to 24

1. Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Biology Project - Cancer
Coprate law (Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Biology Project - Cancer
Coprate law (Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth)
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3. STUDY OF CANCER






BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2022-23

DONE BY
A KARISHMA


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4. INDEX




S.NO DESCRIPTION
1. BONOFIDE CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. TYPES OF CANCER
5. CANCER STATISTICS
6. DIAGNOSIS
7. TREATMENT
8. BIBILIOGRAPHY

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5. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE


Certified that this project report
…………………………………….is the bonafide work
of………………………………………………
of class ……….
in CHINMAYA VIDYALAYA, CHENNAI
who carried out the project work under my supervision. During the year…………



Dated: …………. Teacher in-charge


Signature of Principal:


Signature of External Examiner:


School Seal:










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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the
successful completion of this project.
I gratefully thank the Principal Mrs.Usha Nandhini and Vice Principal Mrs.Geetha Ganesh for
their support.
I would like to show my greatest appreciation to our teacher Dr Prem Raj Department of
Biology for his constant support in the upbringing of the project and without whose guidance
this project would not have been materialized.
Secondly, we would also like to thank our lab assistant Mrs. Pushpa for guiding us throughout
the experiment.
We coextend our gratitude to our parents and friends who have helped us with their suggestions
and guidance on the completion of the project.
















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7. INTRODUCTION
CANCER:
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to
other parts of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells.
Cancerous tumors spread into or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the
body to form new tumors.

WHAT ARE CANCER CELLS?
Cancer cells are cells that divide continuously, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood
with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and
repair. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but
cancer cells continuous to produce copies. They also spread from one part of the body to
another. Cancer cells have histological features visible under the microscope. The nucleus is
often large and irregular and the cytoplasm may also display abnormalities.




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8. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CANCER CELLS AND NORMAL CELLS:
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways. For instance, cancer cells:
 grow in the absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only grow when they
receive such signals.
 ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a process known as
programmed cell death, or apoptosis).
 invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. Normal cells stop growing
when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body.
 tell blood vessels to grow toward tumors. These blood vessels supply tumors with
oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products from tumors.
 hide from the immune system. The immune system normally eliminates damaged or
abnormal cells.
 trick the immune system into helping cancer cells stay alive and grow.
 accumulate multiple changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of
chromosome parts. Some cancer cells have double the normal number of chromosomes.

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9. TWO MAIN TYPES OF CANCER :

 BENIGN
 MALIGNANT

Benign: These tumors are not cancerous. They do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other
parts of the body. If a doctor removes them, they do not generally return.
Malignant: Malignant tumors are cancerous. The cells can grow and spread to other parts of
the body.

HOW DOES CANCER DEVELOP:
Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical unit of inheritance. Genes
are arranged in long strands of tightly packed DNA called chromosomes.

GENETIC CHANGES THAT CAUSE CANCER:
 of errors that occur as cells divide.
 of damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the
chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun.
 they were inherited from our parents.





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10. TYPES OF CANCER:
There are five main types of cancer. These include:

 CARNICOMA: This type of cancer affects organs and glands, such as the lungs,
breasts, pancreas and skin. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. Carcinomas
begin in different epithelial cell types such as Adenocarcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma,
Squamous cell carcinoma, Transitional cell carcinoma.

 SARCOMA: This cancer affects soft or connective tissues, such as muscle, fat, bone,
cartilage or blood vessels. Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone. The
most common types of soft tissue sarcoma are leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi
sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberans.
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11.  MELANOMA: Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes,
which are specialized cells that make melanin (the pigment that gives skin its colour).
Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented
tissues, such as the eye.

 LYMPHOMA : This cancer affects your lymphocytes or white blood cells. There are
two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

 LEUKEMIA: Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow are
called leukemia. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of
abnormal blood cells build up.




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12. CANCER STATISTICS IN INDIA:
India ranks third among nations in terms of highest number of cancers. Over 13 lakh
people in India suffer from cancers every year, as per the National Cancer Registry
Programme report. Sedentary lifestyles, increase in urban pollution, in addition to rise in
obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, are said to be the reasons behind the rise.


CAUSES OF CANCER:
 Unhealthy lifestyle
 Toxic environment
 Radiation exposure
 Hormone therapy

SYMPTOMS:
Cancer symptoms can vary significantly for each person.
 Unexplained weight loss.
 Chronic tiredness
 Persistent pain.
 Fever that occurs mostly at night.
 Skin changes.

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13. FOUR STAGES OF CANCER:
 Stage I: Cancer is localized to a small area and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other
tissues.
 Stage II: Cancer has grown, but it hasn’t spread.
 Stage III: Cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to lymph nodes or other
tissues.
 Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your body. This stage is also
referred to as metastatic or advanced cancer.

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15. DIAGNOSIS:
Diagnosing cancer at its earliest stages often provides the best chance for a cure.
Physical exam: Your doctor may feel areas of your body for lumps that may indicate cancer.
During a physical exam, your doctor may look for abnormalities, such as changes in skin
colour or enlargement of an organ, that may indicate the presence of cancer.
Laboratory tests: Laboratory tests, such as urine and blood tests, may help your doctor
identify abnormalities that can be caused by cancer. For instance, in people with leukemia, a
common blood test called complete blood count may reveal an unusual number or type of
white blood cells.
Imaging tests: Imaging tests allow your doctor to examine your bones and internal organs in
a non-invasive way. Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized
tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission
tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others.
Biopsy: During a biopsy, doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the laboratory. There
are several ways of collecting a sample. Different methods of biopsy procedure depend on
the type of cancer and its location. In most situations, a biopsy is the only way to definitively
diagnose cancer.
In the laboratory, doctors look at cell samples under the microscope. Normal cells look
uniform, with similar sizes and orderly organization. Cancer cells look less orderly, with
varying sizes and without apparent organization.











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16. BIOPSY:

CT SCAN:

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17. TREATMENT:
Surgery: The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays and
protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body
(external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
Bone marrow transplant: Bone marrow transplant is also known as a stem cell transplant.
Bone marrow is the material inside our bones that makes blood cells. A bone marrow
transplant can use our own cells or cells from a donor.
A bone marrow transplant allows doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat cancer.
It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses our body's
immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in our body because your
immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune
system detect the cancer and attack it.
Hormone therapy: Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples
include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
Targeted drug therapy: Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within
cancer cells that allow them to survive.
Clinical trials: Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.









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18. ADVANTAGES:
 Chemotherapy may shrink your cancer or slow down its growth, which may help you
live longer.
 Chemotherapy after surgery, may reduce the chances of the cancer coming back.
DISADVANTGES:
 Chemotherapy can cause side effects.
 Cancer treatments can cause many other side effects, including tiredness, trouble
eating, and depression.




















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19. BIBILIOGRAPHY:

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20370594
2. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
3. https://ebismedical.com/cancer-treatments/
4. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12194-cancer








































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20. THIS IS A SCAN REPORT OF A PERSON DIAGNOSED
WITH CANCER







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