Biology project on Kingdom Monera

BIOLOGY PROJECT ON KINGDOM MONERA CLASS XI BUT YOU CAN USE FOR XII ALSO.

1. DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL AGRA  BIOLOGY PROJECT TOPIC⇒ KINGDOM MONERA ASHISH KUMAR SINGH XI-B 2020-2021

2.                        CERTIFICATE This is to certify that  Ashish Kumar Singh of class  XI-B  of Delhi Public School, Agra has completed His BIOLOGY PROJECT under my supervision and has taken proper care and  displayed utmost sincerity in completion of this project.​ His project is up to the standard both in respect of its contents as per CBSE norms and this is his original work as per my knowledge.​ ​ Ms. Charu Tyagi ​ (Subject teacher) ​ ​ ​ Ms. Meghana  Sorick                                                                                     Mr. R.K. Pandey      ( IC_Sr . Sec.)                                                                                                (Principal)                                                                                                      ​                                                                                                                                   ​

3.              ACKNOWLEDGEMENT           It is my privilege to offer special veneration and heartiest gratitude to my valuable teacher Ms. Charu Tyagi without whose encouraging attitude, sagacious guidance and constant relevant help. This project could never have come out with flying colors. Words are not enough to express my sense of gratitude towards Biology Department, The Principal and I/C Senior Secondary of Delhi Public School Agra for their relevant support in the fulfillment of  my  objective.   ASHISHKUMARSINGH (Signature of student)

4. KINGDOM  MONERA

5.   MONERA       (INTRODUCTION)        Oldest and most abundant organisms.  Prokaryotic (“before a nucleus”). Unicellular & Microscopic. Undergo asexual reproduction.   Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are the smallest, simplest organisms.  The Monerans are unicellular organisms. They contain 70S ribosomes. The DNA is naked and is not bound by a nuclear membrane. It lacks organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, plastids, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, centrosome, etc. They reproduce asexually by binary fission or budding. GENERAL FEATURES OF MONERA

6. KINGDOM MONERA HAVE TWO GROUPS

7.             ARCHAEBACTERIA

8. Archaebacteria are a type of single-cell organism which are so different from other modern life-forms that they have challenged the way scientists classify life. Until the advent of sophisticated genetic and molecular biology studies allowed scientists to see the major biochemical differences between Archaebacteria and “normal” bacteria, both were considered to be part of the same kingdom of single-celled organisms. “Kingdoms,” a way of organizing life forms based on their cell structure, traditionally included Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista (for single-celled eukaryotes), and Monera (which was once considered to hold all forms of prokaryotes).

9. 1. Crenarchaeota  –  crenarchaeota  are extremely heat-tolerant. 2.   Euryarchaeota – are able to survive in very salty habitats.  3. Korarchaeota –  are the least-understood, and thought to be the oldest lineage of archaebacteria . TYPES OF ARCHAEBACTERIA

10. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ARCHAEBACTERIA Archaebacteria are a group of prokaryotes which live under very harsh and hostile conditions. Since the enzymes from these organisms can survive harsh conditions they have many industrial applications in biotechnology; Many of the thermo stable enzymes used in the manipulation of DNA are derived from Archaebacteria, Methanogens of the Archaebacteria are mainly involved in the biogas production. 

11. EUBACTERIA

12. Eubacteria, or “true” bacteria, are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that have a range of characteristics and are found in various conditions throughout all parts of the world. All types of bacteria fall under this title, except for  archaebacteria . Since eubacteria is so common, it comprises one of the three domains of life; the three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

13. STRUCTURE Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms. They do not have nuclear membrane. The nucleus consists of double-stranded circular DNA. They possess long filamentous flagella protruding through cell wall which is used for locomotion. They also contain thin, short filaments called as fimbriae or pili . Some bacteria posses capsule which is the outer covering of cell wall. It is mainly made up of polysaccharide. Cell wall is the rigid outer covering of the bacteria. It is made up of peptidoglycan. It gives a particular shape to bacteria. They do not contain nuclear membrane, golgi complex, cytoskeleton. They contain cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes , ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions.

14.        THREE BASIC SHAPES Cocci – spherical (coccus)  Bacilli – rod-shaped (bacillus)  Spirilla – spiral (spirillum) 

15.           MODE OF NUTRITION   Autotrophic (prepare their own food) Heterotrophic (depend on others for their food) Photoautroph (use light energy) Chemoautotroph (derive energy from chemical reactions) Saprophytic (depend on dead organisms) Parasitic (live or in other plants and animals)

16.                     RESPIRATION Obligate aerobes require oxygen      (i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen      when available but do not require it      (i.e. Escherichia coli) Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in      the presence of oxygen      (i.e. Clostridium tetani )

17.  REPRODUCTION Bacteria reproduce by tow method:- 1. Asexual Reproduction 2. Sexual Reproduction

18.           ASEXUAL BINARY                    FISSION Prokaryotes reproduce by simply splitting in two   The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two identical cells.

19. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Bacteria have three mechanism for genetic information transfer without undergoing reproduction. These are: Transformation- Take up free fragment of DNA floating in medium.  Transduction- Transfer of DNA by a virus bacteriophage. Conjugation- Direct cell to cell transfer of DNA mediated by plasmid.  

20. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA Bacteria are economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes. The beneficial uses of bacteria include the production of traditional foods such as yogurt, cheese, and vinegar. Microbes are also important in agriculture for the compost and fertilizer production.

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY https://www.wikipedia.org https://sciencing.com https://brainly.in https://www.britannica.com/science/biology https://www.livescience.com