Biology Year 11 IGCSE DNA__Protein_synthesis.ppt

Biology IGCSE

1. DNA StructureDNA Structure
Lesson Objectives:Lesson Objectives:
-To describe the structure of DNATo describe the structure of DNA
-To define what a gene isTo define what a gene is

2. Where is genetic information stored?Where is genetic information stored?
Nucleus
Chromosome
Gene
Lots of genetic
information (made
of DNA)
Small section of a
chromosome.
Codes for a
particular
characteristic
(protein)

3. Chromosomes
Chromosomes are made up of large molecules of
DNA which have a double helix structure.
DNA is made up of Bases
which pair together.
For now all you need to know
is that the bases are – A,
C, G & T.
A forms a pair with T.
C forms a pair with G.

5. Complete the following DNA sequence…Complete the following DNA sequence…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6. Protein synthesis: Protein synthesis:
TranscriptionTranscription
Learning IntentionsLearning Intentions
•Identify the differences between RNA Identify the differences between RNA
and DNAand DNA
•Describe the process of TranscriptionDescribe the process of Transcription

7. © Boardworks Ltd 2004
What are proteins made of?What are proteins made of?
Proteins are long molecules made from chemical units
called amino acids.
protein
molecule
amino acid
A gene codes for a particular amino acid, which makes a
specific protein.
Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.

8. What is the function of DNA?What is the function of DNA?
The function of The function of
DNA is to code for DNA is to code for
proteins.proteins.
Not all of the DNA Not all of the DNA
molecule codes for molecule codes for
proteins.proteins.
The functional part The functional part
of DNA that can is of DNA that can is
known as a known as a GeneGene

9. RNARNA
Genes are instructions to build a Genes are instructions to build a
protein.protein.
Unfortunately the DNA that contains Unfortunately the DNA that contains
the genes can’t leave the nucleus.the genes can’t leave the nucleus.
So a copy of the gene must be made.So a copy of the gene must be made.
This copy is known as Messenger RNA This copy is known as Messenger RNA
or mRNA.or mRNA.
RNA is another type of nucleic acidRNA is another type of nucleic acid

10. RNARNA
Ribo nucleic acidRibo nucleic acid
Structurally Structurally
different in 3 different in 3
ways from DNA.ways from DNA.
What are the What are the
differences?differences?

11. TranscriptionTranscription
Transcription is the name of the Transcription is the name of the
process in which a copy of DNA is made.process in which a copy of DNA is made.
The copy is known as messenger RNAThe copy is known as messenger RNA
This process occurs in the nucleus of This process occurs in the nucleus of
the cellthe cell

12. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The DNA in the nucleus is first unwound….

13. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken…..

14. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The weak hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken…..

15. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
This causes the two strands of DNA to separate.

16. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U
Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm find their
complementary base pair on the DNA…….

17. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UA
Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm find their
complementary base pair on the DNA…….

18. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAA
Free RNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm find their
complementary base pair on the DNA…….

19. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAA
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.

20. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAA
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.

21. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAU
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.

22. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUA
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.

23. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAG
A hydrogen bond forms between the RNA nuclotide base
and the complementary base on the DNA.

24. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGC

25. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCG

26. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGG

27. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGG

28. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGA

29. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGAC

30. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACG

31. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGA

32. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAU

33. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUC

34. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCG

35. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGA

36. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGAC

37. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACC

38. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCC

39. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCG

40. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGU

41. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA

42. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

43. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

44. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

45. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

46. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

47. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

48. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

49. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

50. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

51. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

52. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

53. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

54. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

55. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

56. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

57. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

58. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

59. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The enzyme RNA polymerase then catalyses the
formation of the strong chemical bond between the
ribose sugar and phosphate groups of adjoining RNA
nucleotides.

60. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
UAAAAUAGCGGGACGAUCGACCCGUA
The messenger RNA molecule is formed

61. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
The messenger RNA molecule is formed

62. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the
bases on DNA break….

63. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the
bases on DNA break….

64. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
Hydrogen bonds between the bases on mRNA and the
bases on DNA break….

65. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

66. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

67. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

68. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

69. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

70. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
U A A A A U A G C G G G A C G A U C G A C C C G U A
…….The mRNA is ready to make it’s journey out of the
nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

71. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A

72. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

73. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

74. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

75. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

76. A T T T T A T C G C C C T G C T A G C T G G G C A T
T A A A A T A G C G G G A C G A T C G A C C C G T A
The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
on DNA re-form and the DNA is wound back into a helix
again.

77. Protein Synthesis:Protein Synthesis:
TranslationTranslation
Learning IntentionsLearning Intentions
Describe how mRNA gets Describe how mRNA gets
translated into a protein.translated into a protein.

78. Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus

80. Translation
Translation is the process in which the
mRNA is ‘read’ and translated into a
protein.
Translation occurs on the ribosomes
The process involves another type of
RNA molecule known as Transfer RNA
or tRNA

81. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

82. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

83. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

84. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

85. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

86. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

87. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

88. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

89. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus through a nuclear
pore and enters the
cytoplasm

90. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C

91. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
A ribosome becomes
attached to the mRNA

92. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
A ribosome becomes
attached to the mRNA

93. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
A ribosome becomes
attached to the mRNA

94. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
A ribosome becomes
attached to the mRNA

95. U U U C G A U G C A U C G C A A C U C G C
codon
the genetic code on the
mRNA is read in groups
of 3 letters called
codons

96. Amino Acid TableAmino Acid Table
Amino Acid SLC DNA codons
Isoleucine
 
IATT
Leucine
  
LCTT
Valine VGTT
Phenylalanine
  
FTTT
Methionine MATG
Cysteine
 
CTGT
Alanine
     
AGCT
Glycine
  
GGGT
Proline
     
PCCT
Threonine
  
TACT
Serine
      
STCT
Tyrosine
  
YTAT
Tryptophan
  
WTGG
Glutamine
  
QCAA
Asparagine
  
NAAT
Histidine
 
HCAT
Glutamic acid
  
EGAA
Aspartic acid
 
DGAT
Lysine
      
KAAA
Arginine
  
RCGT