Biomedical Waste Management - BMW

The Biomedical Waste Management of the wastes which are colour coded to Yellow, i.e., the Pharmaceutical and Medical Wastes are described along with the steps of Management here. Everything is explained along with Images and simple yet completely understandable contents.

The pictures placed in the document belongs to their respective owners. Strictly no copyright infringement intended.

1. AN ASSIGNMENT ON
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

SUBJECT
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
GMMBC31

SUBMITTED BY
A. J. AFRIN AYSHA
19MMB1
II M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO
MS. SAAJIDA SULTAANA MAHUSOOK
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY



DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
THASSIM BEEVI ABDUL KADER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
2020

2. 1










1
•Biomedicalwaste(BMW)isanywasteproducedduringthediagnosis,
treatment,orimmunizationofhumanoranimalresearchactivitiespertaining
theretoorintheproductionortestingofbiologicalorinhealthcamps.
2
•Itfollowsthecradletograveapproachwhichischaracterization,
quantification,segregation,storage,transport,andtreatmentofBMW.
3
•ThefirsteditionofWHOhandbookonsafemanagementofwastesfrom
health-careactivitiesknownas“TheBlueBook”cameoutin1999.
4
•Thesecondeditionof“TheBlueBook”publishedin2014hasnewer
methodsforsafedisposalofBMW,newenvironmentalpollutioncontrol
measures,anddetectiontechniques.
5
•Inaddition,newtopicssuchashealth-carewastemanagementin
emergencies,emergingpandemics,drug-resistantbacteria,andclimate
changeswerecoveredinthesecondedition.

3. 2
COLOUR CODING IN BIOMEDICAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT: YELLOW, RED, BLACK AND BLUE BINS


1
•PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
•Pathologicalwaste(alsoknownashumananatomicalwaste)
•Humantissues,bodyparts,organs
2
•SOILED(INFECTIOUS)WASTE
•Anytoolthathascomeintocontactwithbloodsand/orbodilyfluids,like
bandages,dressings,plastercasts,cottonswabsetc.
3
•MEDICALCHEMICALWASTE
•Anychemicalsthathavebeenusedintheproductionofdisinfectants.This
alsoincludesliquidmedicalchemicalwaste(e.g.infectedsecretions,lab
liquids,discardedFormalin).
4
•CLINICALLABWASTE
•Thiscategoryconsistsoflabspecimensofmicroorganisms,bloodbags,
vaccines,toxins,aswellashumanandanimalcellsusedinlabresearch.
5
•PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
•Discardedorexpiredmedicine/drugwaste
•Thisiswhatweusuallyrefertoaspharmaceuticalwaste,consistingmainly
ofantibiotics,andcytotoxicdrugs(aswellasanythingthatmayhavecome
intocontactwithsaiddrugs).

4. 3
STEPS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

STEP 1: SEGREGATION AND PRE -TREATMENT OF WASTE AT THE SITE OF
GENERATION
 Waste is segregated at the site of generation by the persons (nursing staff, attendants,
technicians, doctors etc.) who are generating the waste as per the biomedical waste
management rules, 2016 in color coded bags.

Step 1
•Segregationandpre-treatmentofwasteatthesiteofgeneration.
Step 2
•Collectionofsegregatedwastefromallareasofthehospital.
Step 3
•Labelling
Step 4
•Transportation
Step 5
•Disposal

5. 4
STEP 2: COLLECTION OF SEGREGATED WASTE FROM ALL AREAS OF THE
HOSPITAL
 Segregated waste is then collected from all over the hospital in waste trolleys.

STEP 3: LABELLING

LABEL FOR TRANSPORT OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS


Day ………… Month ………….......Year ………......
Date of generation ……………….............................
Waste category No ……..
Waste class
Waste description
Sender’s Name & Address Receiver’s Name & Address
Phone No …..........…... Phone No .......……………
Telex No …...................Telex No ……..........………
Fax No ……………....... Fax No ………...........……..
Contact Person ……................................................... Contact Person ………
In case of emergency please contact Name & Address:
Phone No.
Note: Label shall be non-washable and prominently visible.

6. 5
STEP 4: TRANSPORTATION
 Waste collected from all over the hospital is transported to collection site in colour
coded waste trolleys.
 The workers transporting the waste use PPEs like boots, gloves, masks and aprons.
 The collected waste is not stored for more than 48hrs. at collection site.


STEP 5: DISPOSAL
Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal
Health care waste is a heterogeneous mixture, which is very difficult to manage as such.
But the problem can be simplified and its dimension reduced considerably if a proper
management system is planned.
Non-Incineration Technology
Non-incineration treatment includes four basic processes: thermal, chemical,
irradiative, and biological. The majority of non-incineration technologies employ the thermal
and chemical processes. The main purpose of the treatment technology is to decontaminate
waste by destroying pathogens. Facilities should make certain that the technology could meet
state criteria for disinfection.

7. 6
Incineration Technology
This is a high temperature thermal process employing combustion of the waste under
controlled condition for converting them into inert material and gases. Incinerators can be oil
fired or electrically powered or a combination thereof. Broadly, three types of incinerators are
used for hospital waste: multiple hearth type, rotary kiln and controlled air types. All the types
can have primary and secondary combustion chambers to ensure optimal combustion. These
are refractory lined.

Autoclaving
 The autoclave operates on the principle of the standard pressure cooker.
 The process involves using steam at high temperatures.
 The steam generated at high temperature penetrates waste material and kills all the
micro organism

8. 7
Microwave Irradiation
 The microwave is based on the principle of generation of high frequency waves.
 These waves cause the particles within the waste material to vibrate, generating heat.
 This heat generated from within kills all pathogens.

Plasma Pyrolysis
Plasma pyrolysis is a state-of-the-art technology for safe disposal of medical waste. It
is an environment-friendly technology, which converts organic waste into commercially useful
byproducts. The intense heat generated by the plasma enables it to dispose all types of waste
including municipal solid waste, biomedical waste and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable
manner. Medical waste is pyrolysed into CO, H2, and hydrocarbons when it comes in contact
with the plasma-arc. These gases are burned and produce a high temperature (around 1200oC).

9. 8
CONCLUSION















1
•Medicalwastesshouldbeclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,typologyand
riskfactorsassociatedwiththeirhandling,storageandultimatedisposal.
2
•Thechallengebeforeus,therefore,istoscientificallymanagegrowing
quantitiesofbiomedicalwastethatgobeyondpastpractices.
3
•Ifwewanttoprotectourenvironmentandhealthofcommunity,wemust
sensitizeourselvestothisimportantissuenotonlyintheinterestofhealth
managersbutalsointheinterestofcommunity.

10. 9
REFERENCES
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5784295/#__ffn_sectitle
DOI: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_89_17
 Manual for Biomedical Waste Management; Government Medical College & Hospital-
32, Chandigarh
 Biomedical Waste Management: A Study on Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices Among Health Care Professionals in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1543