Biophysics & Biomolecule,Chapter 1,Medical Biochemistry .pdf

It is a pdf on biophysics & Biomolecule. Here I have described about solution, colloid, crystalloid, Dialysis.

1. Biophysics
and
Biomolecules
Card -1
Item-1

2. Contents
●Solution
●Colloid
●Crystalloid
●Membrane Transport
●Diffusion
●Osmosis
●Dialysis
●SI unit

3. SOLUTION

4. Solution is the
mixure of two or
more substance
(solid, liquid, or
gass) distributed
uniformly among
each other.
Definition

5. Types of solution..

6. Types of solution according
to their composition and
properties-
●Homogenous solution
●Heterogeneous solution

Types of solution according
to tonicity with respect to
plasma-
●Hypotonic solution
●Hypertonic solution
●Isotonic solution
Types of solutions based on
the nature of the data they
involve-
●Qualitative
○Colloid
■Suspension
■Emultion
○Crystalloid
●Quantitive
○Non standard
○Standard
■Normal
■Molar
■Osmolar
■Molal
■Osmolal

7. Since we are studying biochemistry,we should
know the definition of biochemistry.
So, what is biochemistry?

Answer -Biochemistry is the science concerned
with studying the various molecules that occur
in living cells and organisms, the individual
chemical reactions and their enzyme catalysts,
and the expression and regulation of each
metabolic process.

8. Let’s learn some
important definitions for
the exam

9. Atom is the smallest particle of a
substance that takes part in chemical
reaction.

Element is a substance made up of only one
kind of atom.

Compound is a substance made up of two or
more different kinds of atoms.

Atomic weight is the sum of the number of
proton and neutron of an atom.

Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic
weight of all atoms of a molecule.

10. Equivalent weight is
defined as the mass of a
substance that reacts with
or supplies one mole of
hydrogen ions (H(^+)) or
hydroxide ions (OH(^-)). It
is calculated by dividing
the molecular weight of the
substance by its valence
(the number of electrons
involved in the reaction)
For example :


Eq weight of calcium is
20; that means 20 parts
by weight of calcium will
combine or displace 1
part by weight of
hydrogen or 35.5 parts by
weight of chloride

11. ION
Definition of ion: Ions are charged particles

Types of ion:

1. Cation positively charged ion e.g. Na+, K+ etc.

2. Anion : negatively charged ion e.g. Cl-,F- etc.

3. Zwitter ion* (dipolar ion or hybrid ion) :
Zwitter ions are ionized neutral species having
equal amount of positively charged and negatively
charged groups with net charge zero.e.g.Amino acid,
tetracycline, cetirizine, ricin, bicine.

12. Electrolytes are molecules that dissociate in
water into charged particles called ions
(cation & anion) and capable of carrying
electric charge. Important electrolytes are
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
Clinically these four electrolytes are frequently
and routinely measured in the name of electrolyte
profile for day to day patient management.

N.B.-
Glucose and urea are not electrolyte because they
don't dissociate in water and they have no charge.

13. Mole

Mole is the gram molecular weight of a
substance (if compound) or gram atomic weight
of a substance (if element).

N.B.-
Molecular weight or atomic weight of a
substance expressed in gram.

e.g.
Atomic weight of sodium (Na) = 23 So, 1 mole
Na = 23gNa

14. OSMOLE
It is the amount of
osmotically active* substance
in gram, which in 1 L solution
with water exerts osmotic
pressure 22.4 atmosphere (22.4
× 760 mmHg) and depresses the
freezing point of water by
1.86 deg * C

Osmotically active substance
means any substance which can
exert osmotic pressure in
solution with water.
Relatively small amount of
highly osmotically active
substances (e.g.Na+,glucose
etc.)represent 1 osmole
compared to osmotically
less active substances
(e.g. protein). For less
active substance relatively
a big amount equals to one
osmole.

Osmole is used as the unit
of measurement for
osmotically active
substances.

15. Standard solution:It is the
sloution of known
concentration (strength)


Molar solution:It is the
solution containing 1.0
mole of solute per liter
solution.


Molal solution:It is the
solution containing 1.0
mole of solute per kg
solvent.

Osmolar solution:It is
the solution containing
1.0 osmole of solute per
liter solution.

Osmolal solution:It is
the solution containing
1.0 osmole of solute per
kg solvent.

Normal solution:It is the
solution containing 1.0
equivalent of solute per
liter solution.

16. Ways to Express
concentration of solution…

17. Percentage by weight(w/w)
It is the gram of solute
per 100 g solution.
e.g. 5% dextrose (w/w)
means, 5 g dextrose
present in 100 g solution.
Percentage by
volume(w/v)/(v/v)It is the
gram of solute per 100 ml
solution(w/v)or the ml of
solute per 100 ml
solution(v/v)e.g. 5%
dextrose(w/v)means,5g
dextrose present in 100 ml
solution.
Molarity:
It is the number of mole
(mol) of solute per liter
solution.
e.g. 5 molar glucose
solution means, 5 moles
glucose present in 1 L
solution.
Molality:It is the number
of mole (mol) of solute
per kg solvent.
e.g.5 molal glucose
solution means, 5 moles
glucose present in 1 kg
solvent.

18. Normality:It is the number of equivalent (Eq) of
solute per liter solution .
e.g. 2 N HCl means, two equivalent HCl present in
1 L solution.
Osmolarity:It is the number of osmole (Osm) of
solute per liter solution.
e.g. 3 osmolar glucose solution means, 3 osmole
glucose present in 1 L solution.
Osmolality:It is the number of osmole (Osm) of
solute per kg solvent.
e.g. 3 osmolal glucose solution means, 3 osmole
glucose present in 1 kg solvent.

19. Nice to know…
Molality or osmolality is
preferred to molarity or
osmolarity because

Molality/osmolality is not
affected by temperature
since here weight of
solvent not the volume of
solution is taken into
account. Temperature can
affect the volume of
solution not the weight of
solvent.

20. Let’s know about
normal saline...

21. Normal saline:It is 0.9%
NaCl solution in water [0.9
g NaCl in 100 ml solution]

Why it is called saline?
It is called saline because
it contains NaCl.

Normal saline is clinically
used for
➤ (volume correction in
hypovolemic disorders)
➤ (stomach wash, bladder
wash, conjunctival wash,
peritoneal toileting etc)

Why it is called normal
saline?It has osmolarity
same as that of
plasma(plasma osmolarity =
Plasma osmotic pressure =
280-300 mosm/L)it is
isotonic to plasma.
Size and shape of cells
(e.g. RBC) suspended in
normal saline remain
normal because cells don't
lose or gain water since
the osmolarity of normal
saline & that of cells are
same. So the name is
normal saline.

22. SI unit
A uniform standardized international system of
units called SI unit for presentation of
laboratory data. WHO adopted it in 1977 in its
30th world health assembly and final
recommendation published in 1979. This is known
as SI unit.

There are three classes of SI units
1. SI base units
2. SI derived units
3.Supplemental units

23. SI Base Unit-

24. INTERCONVERSION OF
TRADITIONAL UNIT AND SI
UNIT

25. Osmolarity VS
Tonicity

26. Osmolarity measures the total
concentration of solutes in a
solution, regardless of
whether they can cross a cell
membrane1Tonicity, however,
refers to the effect of a
solution on cell volume,
considering only
non-permeable solutes that
can’t cross the cell
membrane2. Essentially,
osmolarity is about solute
concentration, while tonicity
is about the impact on cells
Osmolarity is the total
amount of stuff (solutes) in
a liquid. Tonicity is about
how that liquid affects cell
size. So, osmolarity counts
everything, while tonicity
focuses on what makes cells
shrink or swell.

27. ISOOSMOTIC
VS
ISOTONIC
SOLUTION

28. Solutions having same
osmolarity (total solute
concentration) are known as
isoosmotic solutions &
solutions having same
tonicity (non permeable
solute concentration) are
known as isotonic solutions.
Two solutions, each
containing protein 4 mol/L,
will generate same osmotic
pressure, so they are
isoosmotic. They are also
isotonic to each other
because nonpermeable protein
concentration are equal in
two solutions and they will
not produce transmembrane
osmotic pressure gradient.
So, there will be no
osmosis.

29. Common viva question -When
red blood cells (RBCs) are
placed in different solutions,
their behavior changes based
on the solution’s tonicity
Hypotonic Solution: RBCs
will swell and may burst
(hemolysis) because water
enters the cells.

Isotonic Solution: RBCs
remain the same size
because the water
movement is balanced.

Hypertonic Solution: RBCs
will shrink (crenation)
because water leaves the
cells.

30. COLLOID-Substance having
molecular size / atomic
size 1 to 100 nm which can
not pass through semi
permeable membrane.

Types of colloid:

1. Hydrophilic (lyophilic)
colloid: Practically all
colloids of living systems
are hydrophilic.

● These are solvent loving
and have affinity to
water.
●They are easily solvated
or hydrated where a shell
of water molecule is
formed around them.
●e.g. Protein,
polysaccharide, bile salt
etc.

31. 2.Hydrophobic (lyophobic)
colloid
●These are solvent hating
and have no affinity to
water.
●They are kept in
solution by hydrophilic
colloid adsorbed around
them.
●e.g. Colloidal gold,
unconjugated bilirubin
etc.

Importance of colloid &
colloidal osmotic pressure
(COP)
Colloids determine the
colloidal osmotic pressure
of plasma which is needed to
hold water within vascular
compartment. If plasma
colloid & COP decrease (e.g.
hypoalbuminemia), water
comes out of blood vessels
to make oedema. If plasma
colloid & COP increase (e.g.
albumin infusion), water
enters the blood vessels
from extra vascular space to
expand blood volume.

32. Properties of colloids
●Brownian movement
●Tyndall phenomenon
(optical phenomenon)
●Electrical phenomenon
●Surface phenomenon

33. Brownian Motion: Colloidal
particles exhibit random,
continuous movement due to
collisions with molecules of
the dispersion medium. This
motion helps keep the
particles evenly distributed
Adsorption: Colloidal
particles can adsorb ions or
molecules on their surface,
which can affect their
stability and interactions.
This property is crucial in
processes like catalysis and
purification
Tyndall Effect: Colloidal
particles scatter light,
making a beam of light
visible as it passes through
the colloid. This scattering
is known as the Tyndall
effect.

Electrophoresis: When an
electric field is applied,
colloidal particles move
towards the electrode with
the opposite charge. This
movement is due to the charge
on the colloidal particles

34. DIALYSIS

35. It is one of the methods used
to separate colloids and
crystalloids from their
mixture.
The principle of dialysis is
based on the fact that,
crystalloid substances in
solution can pass through
semipermeable membrane while
colloid particles cannot,
Semipermeable membrane used in
dialysis may be parchment
membrane, cellophane membrane,
cellulose nitrate, cellulose
acetate etc.
These are called dialyzing
membrane (dialyzer) usually
in the form of an elongated
tube or of a bag.
Dialyzing membrane acts as
a sieve retaining the
larger particles. Mixture
of crystalloid and colloid
is placed inside the tube
or bag of dialyzer and then
suspended in a vessel
containing dialysis fluid.
Dialysis fluid is prepared
without the crystalloid
substances which are to be
separated.

36. These comparison of
solutions is always
asked on the Viva
board….

39. SI unit
A uniform standardized international system of
units called SI unit for presentation of
laboratory data. WHO adopted it in 1977 in its
30th world health assembly and final
recommendation published in 1979. This is known
as SI unit.

There are three classes of SI units
1. SI base units
2. SI derived units
3.Supplemental units

40. Use our editable graphic resources...
You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource
and click on the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want.
Group the resource again when you’re done. You can also look for more infographics on Slidesgo.