Biosocial approach

13D

1. PSYA3: Aggression

2. Aggression - SLT We behave aggressively because we imitate the violent behaviour observed from others. Our environment is to blame for people’s aggressive behaviour

3. Aggression - Deindividuation Deindividuation – the loss of individuality and subsequent feelings of responsibility How we can become deindividuated …

4. Ways you can become Deindividuated … 1. Hiding your Identity: Watson et al (1973) – compared tribes levels of aggression during war: Willingness to kill Torture Maim in battle Those tribes that used war paint to cover their faces were significantly more aggressive

5. Ways you can become Deindividuated … 2. Wearing a Uniform… 3. Being part of a Crowd…

6. Institutional Aggression 1. Situational Argument Deprivation Model 2. Dispositional Argument Importation Model

7. Aggression – Biological Explanations People behave aggressively because it is in their Nature

8. Aggression – Biological Explanations Neurological Explanations Hormonal Explanations

9. Aggression – Biological Explanations Genes: Lagerspetz (1979) bred 25 generations of mice. In each generation the most aggressive mice were bred together and the least aggressive mice were bred together and cross-adopted. Results provided 2 distinct strains of mice, aggressive and docile. Showing a clear genetic contribution to aggression

10. Aggression – Evolutionary Explanation Evolutionary Psychology… All of our behaviour now was once beneficial to us as primates. 2 Key Goals… 1. SURVIVE 2. REPRODUCE

11. Aggression – Evolutionary Explanations Why was aggression once an adaptive behaviour? Mate competition * Survival of Gene pool

12. Aggression – Evolutionary explanations of Group Displays Evolutionary benefits of being in a group Costly Signaling Deter Free-riders Threaten Out-Groups

13. PSYA3: Relationships

14. Relationship Formation Matching Hypothesis Filter Model Reward/Need Satisfaction DAN Murstein Byrne & Clore (1970) Operant Cond. Walster et al (1966) Kerckhoff &Davis (1962)

15. Relationship Maintenance Social Exchange Theory (SET) Equity Theory Investment Model CBA CL CL-ALT Walster et al (1978) Fairness Sat. CL-ALT INVESTMENT

16. Relationship Breakdown Duck – Lack of Stimulation / Lack of Skill Duck & Rollie - BIPDSGDR

17. Sexual Selection Buss (1989) – mate selection reflects evolution Short term strategies used by men Hour glass figure = fertility Female most fertile = more masculine men

18. Parental Investment Maternal/Paternal pre/post natal investment Pre natal / Post natal investment Parent-Infant Conflict Sibling Rivalry

19. Influence of Childhood Hazan & Shaver – Continuity Hypothesis Attachment type and IWM Security and social competence / security in relationships

20. Influence of Culture Collectivist vs. Individualist Arranged marriage (voluntary/Involuntary) Social Mobility – greater partner choice (Levine; Gupta & Singh; Epstein)

21. PSYA3:Gender

22. Kohlberg’s Gender Constancy Theory

23. Gender Schema Theory As soon as Children can label themselves as male or female, the environment provides information about certain toys or activities that are either masculine or feminine This allows the child to create in and out-group schemas Children will be driven to explore in-group activities

24. PSYA3:Gender

25. Biological Approach to Gender: Evaluation Re-Cap! Which picture represents which study? What did the study find? How can it be used to evaluate biological approach? A02 + or -? Over exposure to testosterone No difference in play preferences David Reimer Batista Family Deady et al Number of Children & Testosterone 25

26. PSYA3:Gender

27. Evolutionary Approach to Gender Summarise the key Evolutionary theories of Gender. Give an example to illustrate Division of labour Mate Choice Empathising-Systematising Theory Tend & Befriend 27 Neanderthals Kuhn & Stiner (2006) Cross-cultural mate choice Buss (1989) Brain scans Baron-Cohen (2002) Stress Response Ennis (2002)

28. Gender: Biosocial Approach To Start: Evolutionary A03 5 minutes Complete the gap fill following on from last lesson on evaluation for the evolutionary approach of gender.

29. PSYA3:Gender

30. PSYA3:Gender Biosocial Theory

31. Today we will consider… What is the BioSocial Explanation of Gender? What is Social Role Theory and Biosocial Theory? How can these be used to evaluate Biological & Evolutionary approaches? Gender: Biosocial Approach

32. Gender: Biosocial Approach Task: ‘It’s a…..!’ 2 minutes Imagine a friend or family member has just had a baby You want to buy your friend/family member a present that is useful for the new arrival. Describe the kind of gift you would buy if it was; A: a baby girl B: a baby boy

33. Gender: Biosocial Approach What is a Social Role? 2 minutes In pairs discuss what is a social role? Agree on a definition and write it down! Make a list of example social roles for Men and Women.

34. Gender: Biosocial Approach What is a Social Role? An expected set of connected behaviours , rights and obligations that an individual takes according to norms in society. Men and women are expected to act differently in different social situation. The social roles allocated to males and females can be called ‘sex roles’. The labelling of an individual can have an influence on how they are treated (starting from the selection of baby goods!)

35. Gender: Biosocial Approach Social Roles for Men and Women Men Women

36. Gender: Biosocial Approach Sex Roles 5 Minutes Biological Physical Social Both Using the sex role table, complete a Venn diagram for male and female sex roles. For each sex role, decide whether it could be caused by biological (physical) factors, s ocial factors or both . Place each sex role in the relevant area of your diagram. You may work in pairs.

37. Gender: Biosocial Approach The Biosocial approach says it’s both! Eagly & Wood (2002) They argue that there is an interaction between biological and social influences. While there are some gendered behaviours which are universal to all, there are significant cultural differences as well. There are differences in biology which can lead to some sex-typed behaviours, however gender is a socially constructed concept. It is not a natural difference, it is a label and set of roles created by society…. Societies differ between cultures, just like gender!

38. Gender: Biosocial Approach Biosocial Theory, Money & Ehrhardt (1972) Biology is likely to determine sex and everything else follows from the label we are given as either ‘male’ or ‘female’. Differential treatment of boys and girls interact with biological factors such as prenatal exposure to testosterone… If a genetic male is mislabelled as a girl and treated as a girl before the age of three, he is likely to acquire the gender identity of a girl. The label is vital! But (A02 Alert!) Which study refutes this?

39. Gender: Biosocial Approach Eagly & Wood (2002) Argue that evolutionary theory states that selective pressures have caused both physical and psychological differences in men and women…. But this is not the case. Evolution may have caused physical differences, but it is society’s sex role allocated to the man or woman which causes the psychological differences in behaviour.

40. PSYA3:Gender Biosocial Theory

41. Gender: Biosocial Approach Eagly & Wood (2002) Your biology effects how people in society act towards you

42. Social role theory argues that physical differences between men and women allow them to perform certain tasks more efficiently . Each sex develops characteristics for the tasks their sex typically performs For example, men’s greater speed and upper body strength make them more suitable for hunting. The physical differences between men and women create social roles – men are the providers and women take on a domestic role. This may also explain sex differences in mate choice: each sex will seek a partner who fulfils the social roles that they themselves do not. Gender : Biosocial Approach

43. Gender: Biosocial Approach Task 2 0 Minutes Use the worksheets to summarise the 2 studies in exam appropriate AO2 Think about possible AO3

44. Gender: Biosocial Approach Buss (Re-Examined by Eagly & Wood, 1999) Buss found evidence that women seek powerful men with resources and men seek young attractive women in 37 cultures. This was used as support for evolutionary theory. BUT Eagly and Wood re-examined the data and argued that it also supports sex differences as caused by differences in social roles. They found that in cultures where women had a higher status and male-female division of labour was less pronounced, sex differences in mating preferences became less pronounced Women have a lesser earning capacity in society and inevitably seek men with financial power.

45. Baby X Baby Y experiment Smith and Lloyd (1978)

46. Gender: Biosocial Approach Condry & Condry (1976) 200 male and female adults were shown a video of a child interacting with a series of toys, including a jack in the box. For half the participants the child was introduced as David (male) and for the other half the child was introduced as Dana (female). When the child played with the jack in the box there was some upset. When participants thought the child was female they described her reaction as fearful. When they thought the child was male, they said he was angry. Gender labels lead to different interpretations/treatment of behaviour.

47. Case study of Mr. Blackwell : Boy , raised to have a male gender identity At puberty, he became a hermaphrodite when he developed female genitalia and breasts His brain was not fully masculinized, however elected to remain male . Supports biosocial approach. Gender: Biosocial Approach Money & Erhdart (1975)

48. Gender: Biosocial Approach AO3 Gender Reductionist Ethical Guidelines? Nature vs. Nurture Animal Studies Determinsm vs. Free Will Ethnocentricism

49. Gender: Biosocial Approach Essay Plan P1 – Bio social Approach explained (interaction) P2 – Eagly & Wood (Social Role Theory) P3 – Money – Hypothesised Social roles most important P4 – AO2 : Further analysis of Buss’s cross cultural study P5 – AO2 : Social Influence of Gender behaviour (Baby X / Jack in the box / Mr Blackwell P6 -  AO3 – cross cultural and not-reductionist, accounts for Nature and Nurture P7 -  AO3 – case studies required, not generalisable

50. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? The Biosocial approach considers social influences on gender in isolation

51. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? The Biosocial Approach examines how biological and social factors interact.

52. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? Money and Erhardt argue that it is the label (‘male’ or ‘female’) alone which causes our gender identity.

53. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? Eagly and Wood’s Social Role Theory is similar to Money and Erhardt’s theory.

54. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? Social Role Theory suggests that Evolution is the main influence on gender identity.

55. Gender: Biosocial Approach Fact or Fib? Social Role Theory: Hormonal differences might be a consequence of differences in social roles, rather than the cause.