Biosystematics.

An introduction to Biosystematics and taxonomy.

1. Basic concepts of biosystematics, taxonomy and classification. SABAHAT BATUL ALIAS KHUSNUMA 2047832. 1MLIF MZOO 231 MZOO 231

2. 10 M organisms classified till date! https:// www.deviantart.com / scumbugg /art/Diversity-of-Species-Brushes-62840690 Newly discovered organisms Describe Classify into groups

3. BIOSYSTEMATICS. Systematic arises from Latinized Greek word- Systema, applied to the system of classification, developed by naturalist Linnaeus [Systema naturae, 1735 I edition]. Carolus Linnaeus – father of Systematics. Biological systematics is the scientific study of diversification of living forms and its evolutionary history. It’s the systematic classification of living things from the past and present, and their relationship among organisms through time. Its basically used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees , example:- phylogenies, phylogenetic trees. PHYLOGENIES Branching order . Branch length . (shows amount of evolution) (showing group relationships)

4. History In 1830 , it was John Lindley who first defined systematics. But he just wrote about Systematic Botany rather than Systematics. Later in 1970 Michener et al . defined that Systematic Biology and taxonomy are related to one another.

5. biosystematics is a field that.... Provides the organisms with a scientific name . Describes an organism. Collects and preserve organisms. Scientifically classifies the organisms.

6. Branches Biosystematics classifies species through 3 specific branches. Numerical systematics :- it is a system of grouping of species by numerical methods based on their character. Biological statistics is used to identify and classify animals. Eg :- cluster analysis :- here the grouping of a set of objects is in such a way that objects in the same group are more similar to each other than those in other groups. https:// en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Cluster_analysis

7. Biochemical systematics :- in this branch of systematics animals are identified and classified based on the molecules / materials that make up the living part of a cell. Some of the characters analyzed in the biochemical systematics are Metabolic factors. Amino acid sequence. DNA and RNA sequences. Restriction endonuclease analyses. Etc .. Experimental systematics :- this branch of systematics deals with identification of various evolutionary units within a species and the role they play in the process of evolution. Here factors like mutations , genetic divergence , and hybridization are considered as evolutionary unit. Taxonomy is a part of systematics with concern to a organisms name, description and classification

8. Taxonomy Originated from Greek word taxis and nomos , taxis-– arrangement and nomos-– law. Proposed by A . P. de Candolle for the theory of plant classification in 1813. Its is a branch of biology that deals identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms into their respective groups. with it is essential to place new organisms into a previously described group. According to Mason (1950), Taxonomy is the synthesis of all the facts about organisms into a concept and expression of the inter relationship of organisms. According to Heslop-Harrison (1953), Taxonomy is the principles and practices of classification, in particular methods, the principles and even in part the results of the biological classification.

9. According to Simpson (1961), Taxonomy is the theoretical study of classification, including its bases, principles, procedures and rules. Davis and Heywood ( 1963), Taxonomy is the way arranging and interpreting information. Blackwelder (1967), Taxonomy is the day to day practice of handling different kinds of organisms. It includes collection and identification of specimens, the publication of data, the study of literature and the analysis of variations shown by the specimens. According to Johnson (1974), Taxonomy is the science of placing biological forms in order. Christoffersen (1995), Taxonomy is the practice of recognizing, naming and ordering taxa into a system of words, consistent with any kind of relationships with among taxa that the investigator has discovered in nature.

10. Levels of taxonomy ALPHA TAXONOMY :- It is the first and the basic step of taxonomy. Also called as classical taxonomy It involves detecting, describing and naming of an organism. It is used to name new species as well as revising the classification of previously described species. BETA TAXONOMY:- It is the second level of taxonomy. It includes the identification of natural groups and biological classes. It logically follows alpha taxonomy. It involves the morphology and arrangement of the species into the suitable biological categories (having similar species). GAMA TAXONOMY:- This level of taxonomy deals with the intra specific variations and evolutionary sequence.

11. nomenclature It is the form of naming of a particular organism according to some standardize system . The fundamental rule of nomenclature is that each organism must have only one scientific name. Binomial nomenclature - given by Carolus Linnaeus. Genus and species name. Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase. Underline both separately. Or italicized . Eg :- Homo sapiens - human Tursiops truncatus . – bottle-neck dolphin.

12. The  scientific name  of an animal is composed of two Latin words; the first word stands for the genus and the second for the species. The system of using the generic and specific names is known as the  binomial system of nomenclature . https:// forestrypedia.com /binomial-nomenclature/

13. classification Arrangement of taxa into some type of order. Its main purpose is to sketch and express relationships between taxa. Classification is a hierarchy of steps, where each step represents a category called rank. Every organism can be classified into 7 ranks. Each rank contains organisms with similar characteristics. The ranks are as follows……………

14. Kingdom. Phylum. Class Order. Family. Genus. Species. Kingdom is the largest unit of classification., it splits into smaller units called phylum. Phylum splits into classes. Classes into orders. Orders into family. Family into genus, and Genus into species. KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GREAT SPAGHETTI

15. References “Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application,”  Biology Discussion , May 27, 2016. https:// www.biologydiscussion.com /animals-2/systematics-meaning-branches-and-its-application/32374 (accessed Dec. 31, 2020). “What is the difference between alpha and beta taxonomys ?,”  Brainly.in , Jun. 19, 2018. https:// brainly.in /question/4261907 (accessed Dec. 31, 2020). Wikipedia Contributors, “Systematics,”  Wikipedia , Sep. 22, 2020. https:// en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Systematics#Definition_and_relation_with_taxonomy (accessed Dec. 31, 2020). D. A. Morrison, “Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, 2nd edition.—E. O. Wiley and Bruce S. Lieberman,”  Systematic Biology , vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 1087–1088, Aug. 2012, doi : 10.1093/ sysbio /sys065.