bioterrorism microbiology final ppt.pptx

bioterrorism microbiology

1. BIOTERRORISM Aiman Faizan 192201 M.Sc. IV semester 2019-2021 Microbiology Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur .

2. INTRODUCTION The centre for disease control and prevention (CDC) define bioterroism as the Intentional release of viruses, bacteria or other Germs that can sicken or kill people, live stock or crops: this can be achieved in a number of ways, such as: via aerosol sprays, in explosive devices via food or water, or absorbed or injected into the skin.

3. HISTORY Time Event 1155 Emperor Barbarossa poison water well with human bodies in Tortora, Italy . 1495 Spanish mix wine with blood of leprosy patient to sell there French foes in Naples, Italy. 1710 Russian troops catapult human bodies of plague victim into Swedish cities. 1763 British distribute blankets from smallpox patients to native American. World War 1 ST German and french agents use Glanders and Anthrax agent World War 2 nd Japan uses plague, Anthrax and other disease. 1980-1988 Iraq uses mustard gas, Sarin and Tabun against Iran and ethnic groups inside Iraq during the person gulf war.

4. 1984 Contamination of salad bars with Salmonella typhimurim in Oregon. 1990 Iraq uses Botulinum toxin, Aflatoxin, Anthrax spores. 1996 Contamination of food with Shigella dysenteriae in USA. 2001 Anthrax spores were sent in envelopes (USA).

5. MAJOR BIOTHREAT AGENTS All bioterrorism agents are natural occuring organisms or toxin that can cause sporadic disease under natural circumstances, but could be mutated or altered to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment . According to CDC biothreat agents are divided into 3 categories. Each category has some characteristics that make the agents classified.

6. CATEGORY -A These are high priority agents include organisms or toxins that pose the highest risk to the public and national security because, They can be easily spread or transmitted from person to person. They result in high death rate and have the potential for major public health impact. They might cause public panic and social health disruption. Ex.- Smallpox virus, Anthrax, Plague, Botulism, Ebola, Tularemia etc.,

7. CATEGORY -B These agents are second highest priority because, They are moderately easy to spread. They result in moderate illness rates and low death rates. They require specific enhancements of CDC’S(center for disease control and prevention) laboratory capacity and enhanced disease monitoring. Ex.- Brucellosis, Glander, Meliodosis, Ricin, Q fever, Typhus fever, Staphylococcal.

8. CATEGORY-C These are 3 rd highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass spread in the future because, They are easily available. They are easily produced and spread. They have potential for high mortality rate and major health impact. Ex.- Multi drugs resistant Tuberculosis, Nipah virus, Hanta virus .

9. GENETICALLY MODIFIED AGENTS With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, an organism’s genetic make up may be altered and genetically modified biological warfare agents may be produced e. g. Antibiotic resistance , increased aerosol stability, Heightened pathogenesis. ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS Developed technology across multiple disciplines in the biological sciences have revolutionized biowar by facilitating an entirely new class of fully engineered agents referred to as advanced biological warfare agents.

10. Key features of biological agents used as bioweapons High morbidity and mortality Potential for person-to-person spread Low infective dose and highly infectious by aerosol Lack of rapid diagnostic capability Lack of universally available effective vaccine Availability of pathogen and feasibility of production Potential to be “weaponized”.

11. EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Biological agents have very harmful effect. According to World Health organization Release of 50 k g of Anthrax spores in 40 km 2 area will cause 1 lac death of people. Release of 50 k g of Plague spores in 20 km 2 area will cause 36000 death of people .

12. CONTROL MEASURES First victim of bioterrorism action should be identified by physicians and other primary healthcare providers and public health official have to determine that an attack has occurred, identify the organism and prevent more casualities through prevention strategies (mass vaccination, prophylactic activities) and infection control procedures . Laboratories are working on advanced detection systems to provide early warning, Identify contaminated areas and population at risk, and to facilitate prompt treatment.

13. BENEFITS OF BIOAGENTS OVER TRADITIONAL AGENTS Biological weapons are very attractive to terrorists because of several features: They are extremely difficult to detect and do not cause illness for several hours to several days. They are relatively easy and inexpensive to obtain, can be easily disseminated, and can cause widespread fear and panic beyond the actual physical damage. Aerosols of biological agents are invisible, silent, odorless, tasteless and easily dispersed. These are 600 to 2000 times cheaper than weapons of mass destruction , cost 0.05% of conventional weapons and production is easy.

14. This require a release of small quantity of viable material and is capable of self-replication and can cause a disease outbreak in an area .

15. DISADVANTAGES OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS The disadvantages of using biological weapons to those who are involved in preparing the agents: High risk of worker being contaminated. Living organism may be destroyed when incorporated into bombs and missiles(by heat) Problem of dispersal and attack, difficult to deploy.

16. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CLUES TO AN event OF BIOTERRORISM Large no. of ill persons with similar disease or syndromes presenting around the same time. Higher mortality or morbidity than expected with a common disease or syndrome. Unusual, atypical or genetically engineered strain of the agent. Disease with unusual geographic or seasonal distribution. Failure of common disease to respond to usual therapy.

17. CONCLUSION Infrastructural development regarding the care facilities and community health, proper health care from the grass root level and education, adequate supply of drugs, laboratory reagents, antitoxins and vaccines will be the best approach to protect, respond and defend the ongoing consequences of bioterrorism.

18. THANK YOU