blood banking slides. Slideshare....pptx

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1. Blood grouping/ blood type DEFINITION A blood type is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells. 

2. Purpose of blood grouping Blood typing is done prior to a blood transfusion or when classifying a person’s blood for donation. Blood typing is a fast and easy way to ensure that you receive the right kind of blood during surgery or after an injury. If you’re given incompatible blood, it can lead to blood clumping, or agglutination, which can be fatal.

3. History - Karl Landsteiner Discovered the ABO Blood Group System in 1901 He and his five co-worker s began mixing each others red cells and serum together and inadvertently performed the first forward and reverse ABO groupings

4. Genetics of AB blood group The A antigen is found on the RBC when you have the Hh, HH, and A/A, A/O, or A/B genotypes The B antigen is found on the RBC when you have the Hh, HH, and B/B, B/O, or A/B genotypes

5. Major ABO Blood Group ABO Group Antigen Present Antigen Missing Antibody Present A A B Anti- B B B A Anti-A O NONE A & B Anti-AB AB A & B NONE NONE

6. Genetics Of Rh blood grp The H antigen is found on the RBC when you have the Hh or HH genotype, but NOT from the hh genotype Rh blood group

7. Rh positive People with Rh-positive blood have Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells. People with Rh-positive blood can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. Rh negative People with Rh-negative blood do not have Rh antigens. People with Rh-negative blood can receive only blood that is also Rh-negative.

8. ABO antibodies Group A serum contains anti-B Group B serum contains anti-A Group AB serum contains no antibodies Group O serum contains anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B IgM is the predominant antibody in Group A and Group B individuals Anti-A Anti-B

9. IgG (with some IgM ) is the predominant antibody in Group O individuals Reverse grouping (with serum) should not be performed on newborns or cord blood.

10. Blood transfusion

11. Universal donor Donors  with type O- red  blood  cells are referred to as  universal donors  and their red  blood  cells can be given to any other  blood  type Universal recipient Type AB-positive  blood  is called the " universal recipient " type because a person who has it can receive  blood  of any type.

12. ABO routine testing Several methods for testing the ABO group of an individual exist. The most common method is: Serology detection of antibody or antigen through agglutination reaction.

13. DIRECT OR FORWARD GROUPING Test for antigens Patient’s cells containing unknown antigens tested with known antisera Antisera manufactured from human sera

14. Antiseras used Antisera Colour Antisera A Blue Antisera B Red Antisera D Colourless

15. Forward blood grouping Principle Forward typing  uses the patient's red  blood  cells.When antibody A (Anti-A) or antibody B (Anti-B) reagent is added to the patient's red  blood  cells the antigens on the cells will cause the cells to react with the antibodies.

16. Forward Grouping Reaction of patient red blood cells tested with Reagent anti-A and anti-B antisera Slide: RBC suspension + anti-serum Tube : 2-5 % RBC suspension + anti-serum (centrifuge before read)

17. Results Agglutination with Blood group Antisera A A Antisera B B Both Antisera AB AB Not with Antisera AB O With antisera D Rh + Not with Antisera D Rh_

18. Revese Blood grouping Principle The patient's serum is mixed with known red cells in a test tube. A specified number of drops of patient serum are placed into each of three properly labeled tubes. Procedure serum is combined with cells having known Ag content in a 2:1 ratio uses commercially prepared reagents containing saline-suspended A1 and B cells

19. Results Agglutination with Blood group Cell suspension A B Cell suspension B A Cell A and B O None of cell A and B AB Cell suspension O+ Rh _ Not with O+ Rh+

20.  Why do Group O individuals have more H antigen than the other groups? Group O individuals have no A or B genes to convert the H antigen to A or B antigens….that means more H antigen sites