Blood collection and its types

this ppt deals about blood collection and its types, different types of vacutainer and its application, define about serum and plasma.

1. Dr.K.Sudha Rameshwari,M.Sc., M.Phil., D.Litt
Assistant Professor,
Department of Biochemistry,
V.V.Vanniaperumal College for Women,
Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India

2. Blood is a suspension of cells-erythrocytes,
leucocytes and thrombocytesin fluid, plasma.
The cellular fraction constitutes 45% of the
volume of blood.
Chemically, blood is a very complex fluid
containing a large variety of substances.
Collection of blood:
Blood collection is three types.
1.Venous blood collection
2.capillary blood collection and
3.Arterial blood collection

3. Thevolumeofbloodobtainedby
venipuntureissufficienttocarry
outmultipletests.
Venipuncture isalsocalled
phlebotomy,asuperficialveinis
puncturedwithahypodermic
needleandbloodiscollectedintoa
syringeortube.
Venipuncturecanbedoneby
syringemethodorvaccumtube
method.
Thelatterisnotverypopular.

4. Container for blood collection
A needle
Syringe
Tourniquet
Disinfectant
Swab
Tray of cold water to rinse needle
and syringe after drawing blood.

5. Needlesof20-22gauge
(diameter)areusedfor
routine Venipuncture.
(Thehigherthegauge,
thesmallertheneedle
diameter).
Largerdiameterneedles
are required for
collectingblooddonor
units.
Needle should be
sterilized.
Syringe:2ml,5ml,10ml
and20ml

6. This is a soft rubber tubing of 2-
5mm bore and 30-40cm in length.
A flat elastic strip can also be used.
This tourniquet is used to make the
veins more prominent.
Itmustbeappliedontheskin
beforethepunctureismade.
Methylatedspiritor70%alcoholis
putinaswabwhichisrubbedon
theskinbeforethevenipuncture.
Thealcoholshoulddryoutbefore
thepunctureismade.
Trayofcoldwater
•Thecoldwaterhelpstohaemolysetheredcellsandmakeiteasytocleanthe
syringe.
•Nowdisposablesyringesareused.

7. Artery–abloodvesselthatcarries
oxygenatedbloodfromthehearttothe
tissues.
Vein-abloodvesselthatcarries
deoxygenatedbloodfromthetissuesto
theheart
Capillary-aminutebloodvesselthat
connectsthesmallestarteriestothe
smallestveinsandservesasan
exchangevessel.

8. VENOUS BLOOD COLLECTION
•Venousbloodiscollectedusuallyfrom
theantecubitalveinorsomeother
prominentveinontheforearm.
•Thepatientisseatedcomfortablyand
askedtoextendhisarm.
•Atourniquetistiedfirmlyaroundthe
upperarm.Asuitableveinisselected
andtheskinoveritsterilizedby
rubbingspiritoveritwithapadof
cottonwool.
•Asterilehypodermicneedleattachedto
asyringeisintroducedintotheveinand
thetourniquetremoved.
•Thedesiredamountofbloodisdrawn
intothesyringebygentlywithdrawing
theplunger.
•Apadofcottonwoolsoakedinspiritis
placedontheskinwhereastheneedle
wasintroducedandtheneedleis
withdrawn.
•Thebloodistransferredintoasuitable
containerafterremovingtheneedle
fromthesyringe.

9. Capillary blood collection
•Acapillaryisasmallbloodvesselconnectingsmall
arteriestosmallveins.
•Thecapillarybloodisobtainedbyskinpuncture.
•Itprovidesonlysmallquantitiesofbloodspecimensfor
makingbloodsmear.
•Inadultsandolderchildrenthetipofthefingeris
puncturedandininfantstheheelischosen.
•Themiddlefingerorringfingerofthelefthandisusually
chosenforskinpuncture.
•Thesiteiscleanedwithcottonwoolswabdippedin70%
alcohol.Aquickpunctureismadewithasterilizedlancet.
•Thepuncturesterilizedlancet.
•Thepunctureshouldbe2-3mmdeep.
•Thelancetshouldbediscarded.Thefirstdropofblood
iswipedaway.Thesucceedingdropsareusedfortests.
•Thespecimeniscollectedbyholdingacapillarytubeto
theblooddroporbysuckingintosahlipipettefor
hemoglobindeterminationandforbloodcountor
touchingthedroptotheglassslideforpreparingsmear.
Uses:Hemoglobin, hematocrit,blood glucose,
prothrombintime

10. Arterial bloodis
required rarely.
This may be
collected from
the radial,
brachial or
femoral artery.
It is used for
estimation of
blood gases.

12. Red andyellowTop
Plain (without anticoagulant)
Serum
Uses
All chemistry test
Hormones
Serology and virology

13. EDTA anticoagulant
Plasma
Uses
CBC
Blood film
ABO grouping
Malarial test
HA1C
Cross matching
HB electrophoresis
Sickle cell test

14. Light blue top
Sodium citrate 1:9 (anticoagulant)
Plasma
uses:
PT(prothrombin time)
PTT(partial prothrombin time)
Greentop
Heparin-Plasma
Uses
Chemistry test
Beta HCH (hormone)

15. Black Top
Sodium citrate (1:4)
Plasma
Uses
ESR
Gray Top
Fluoride and oxalate
Plasma
Uses
Glucose (especially when testing will be
delayed)
Blood alcohol

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS68ePy
kav0&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKenI4Q
2pWE

18. Serum
The clear liquid that can be separated from clotted blood.
If blood is allowed to stand, it coagulates in a few minutes. After
sometime, a clear, straw colored fluid known as serum. The
separation by centrifuging the clotted blood.
Plasma:
Clottingmaybepreventedbytreatingbloodwithcertain
anticoagulantbycentrifugingsuchblood,cellsandplasmacan
beseparated.
Theliquidpartofthebloodandlymphaticfluid,whichmakesup
abouthalfofthevolumeofblood.
Plasmaisdevoidofcellsand,unlikeserum,hasnotclotted.
Bloodplasmacontainsantibodiesandotherproteins.
Itistakenfromdonorsandmadeintomedicationsforavarietyof
blood-relatedconditions.
Terms:
Plasma= blood –cells
Serum = blood –cells and clotting factors
Serum differs from plasma:
The liquid portion of normal unclotted blood containing the red
and white cells and platelets.
It is the clot that makes the difference between serum and
plasma.

19. Kanai L Mukherjee & Swarajit Ghosh (2010). Medical Laboratory Technology,
New Delhi:Vol I, Tata McGraw Hill, 2
nd
Edition.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10569247/
https://www.medicinenet.com/serum/definition.htm
https://www.medicinenet.com/plasma/definition.htm
Images:
https://www2.slideshare.net/DrShahidaBaloch1/vacutainer-and-
anticoagulant-ss
https://acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/blood-gas-testing-and-related-
measurements-national-recommendations-on-behalf-of-the-croatian
https://www2.slideshare.net/HusseinAltameemi2/blood-sample-collection-
186422031
https://www.nclexquiz.com/blog/types-needles-injection-needle-gauges-
injections-size-chart/