Blood group determination

Blood is defined as the connective tissue and it also contain such components such as RBC, WBC, Platelets,

1. Prepared By: Vipin Kr Shukla Assistant Lecturer Blood Group Determination

2. ABO Blood Group: History: Dr. Karl Landsteiner's discovered the ABO Blood Group System in 1901. He and five co-workers began mixing each others red blood cells and serum together and accidentally performed the first forward and reverse ABO groupings . Landsteiner's Rule : If an antigen (Ag) is present on a patients red blood cells the corresponding antibody (Ab) will NOT be present in the patients plasma, under ‘ normal conditions ’.

3. The ABO Blood System: 4 main phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) ABO gene located on long arm of chromosome 9 . Antigens/ A gglutinogens Type A and Type B on the surface of the RBCs are the cause of blood transfusion reactions. Thus, the presence or absence of these Ag’s is the essential basis that blood is grouped for the purpose of transfusion

4. ABO Markers: Preformed antibodies called agglutinins in the plasma is unique to the ABO blood groups .

5. The Rh System: Discovered by Landsteiner & Wiener in 1937. Antigen discovered in the Rhesus monkey. Rh is an Ag on the RBC. Rh + has the Ag (85% of the population ). Rh- does NOT have the Rh antigens. Rh + can accept Rh+ or Rh- blood. Rh- can accept ONLY Rh- blood.

6. RH Factor: There are 45 different types of Rh Agglutinogens. Common : C, D, and E ~ 85% of Americans are Rh positive, carrying the D antigen. Presence of the Rh Agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh +. As a rule, a person’s ABO and Rh blood groups are reported together, for example, O +, A-, and so on.

7. RH Antigens: D antigen is the most common and most immunogenic Approximately 80-85% Caucasians have D antigen Individuals lacking this allele are called “Rh-negative” Only develop antibodies against the D antigen after exposure (transfusion/pregnancy ).

8. Rh Antibodies: IgG class of immunoglobulin's Lack capacity to bind complements

9. Characteristics of Bombay Blood Group: First reported by Bhende et al in Bombay in 1952 . Frequency estimated to be about 1 in 7600 in Bombay . Absence of H, A & B antigens. No agglutination with anti-A, anti-B or anti-H. Presence of anti-H, anti-A and anti-B in the serum No A, B or H substances present in saliva. Incompatible with any ABO blood groups, compatible with Bombay phenotype only.

10. Microscopic Views: BIRD BLOOD FISH BLOOD CAT BLOOD HORSE BLOOD HUMAN BLOOD FROG BLOOD