Blood is a special type of fluid made up of connective tissue. The blood is made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part, called plasma, is made of water, salts, and protein. Over half of blood is plasma. blood ppt.pptx

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1. BLOOD Prepared by Rahim Zada

2. Blood is a special type of fluid made up of connective tissue. The blood  is made up of liquid and solids. The liquid part,  called  plasma, is made of water, salts, and protein. Over half of blood  is plasma. The solid part of   blood  contains red  blood  cells, white  blood  cells, and platelets. Red  blood  cells (RBC) deliver oxygen from lungs to tissues and organs. The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is called hematology. (Gk: haeme – blood and logos - study) B l ood

3. Blood C omposition Colour Bright red in arteries & dark red in veins Mass 8 % of the body mass pH Slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 – 7.45) Taste Salty Temperature 38 ° C (100.4 ° F) Viscosity 3 – 4 times more viscous than water Volume 5 – 6 litre

4. The average human has 5 litres of blood( Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters). It is a transporting fluid It carries vital substances to all parts of the body Blood is the only fluid tissue . Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in the nonliving fluid called plasma. Composition of Blood Formed Elements : Erythrocytes, Leukocytes , Platelets & Plasma. B l ood

5. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD P l asma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Centrifuged blood

6. Blood composition 55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.) 45% Cellular elements: R e d B l o o d C e ll s ( R B C s ) : 5 - 6 m illi o n R B C s / m l o f b l o o d . C o n t a i n hemoglobin which transport oxygen and CO 2 RBCs also called Erythrocytes. Red blood cells  are  formed  in the  red  bone marrow of bones. The process of making  blood cells is called   hematopoiesis. The  destruction of red blood cells  is  called  hemolysis . Spleen is known as the  graveyard of RBCs  in light of the fact that after fulfillment of life expectancy,  RBCs  are pulverized in the spleen where they are ingested by free macrophages. About 2.5 million of  RBCs  are destroyed in one second . The   lifespan of RBC  is about 120 days.

7. Red blood cells Shape Circular biconcave non-nucleated Size Diameter = 7 – 8 μm Thickness = 2.5 μm Colour Red (haemoglobin pigment) Count Adult male = 5.4 million RBCs/μL Adult female = 4.8 million RBCs/μL Life span 120 days

8. Erythropoiesis The production of RBCs is known as erythropoiesis. Adult Red bone marrow of long bones (hip bone, breast bone & ribs) Child (upto 5 year) Bone marrow of all the bones Fetus Liver & spleen Increase in number of RBCs is known as polycythemia Decrease in number of RBCs is known as erythropenia

9. Blood composition White blood cells  ( WBCs ), also called  leukocytes  or leucocytes, are the  cells  of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All  white blood cells  are produced and derived from multipotent  cells  in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem  cells. The lifespan of  white blood cells  ranges from 13 to 20 days, after which time they are  destroyed  in the lymphatic system. When immature  WBCs  are first released from the bone marrow into the peripheral  blood , they are called "bands" or "stabs."  Leukocytes  fight infection through a process known as phagocytosis. White Blood Cells (WBCs): 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml of blood . 

10. White blood cells Shape Amoeboid nucleated Size 12 – 15 μm Colour Colourless & translucent Count 5000 – 10000 WBCs/μL Life span 10 – 13 days

11. Leucopoiesis The production of WBCs is known as leucopoiesis. Increase in number of WBCs is known as leucocytosis Decrease in number of WBCs is known as leucopenia Pathological increase in number of WBCs is known as leukemia (blood cancer) Adult Liver, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow Fetus Liver, spleen

12. Types of WBCs WBCs G r anular Ne u t r oph i ls (62%) Aci n op h i l s (2.3%) Bas o ph i ls (0.4%) Agranular L ymphoc y t es (30%) Mo n oc y t es (5.3%)

13. G r anular WBCs T y p e Appearance Neutrophils Nucleus with 3-4 lobes Stain with neutral dye (hematoxylin) Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis Bone marrow Acidophils (eosinophil s ) Nucleus with 2 lobes Stain with acidic dye (eosin) Combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions Bone marrow Basophils Nucleus with indistinct lobes Stain with basic dye (methylene blue) Liberate heparin and histamine in allergic reactions to intensify inflammatory response Bone marrow Function Features P r od u c e

14. T y p e Appearance P r od u c e Lymphocyte Smallest of WBCs Large round nucleus Produce a n tib o dies Bone marrow, spleen, tonsils Mon o c y t e Largest of WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus Ingest mic r o o r g anisms Bone marrow Agranular WBCs Function Features

15. Blood composition Platelets , or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding.  Platelets  are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and  platelets . Platelets  are  produced  during hematopoiesis in a sub- process called  thromopoiesis, or   production  of thrombocytes. The  life span  of human  platelets  ranges between 8 and 12 days . Platelets: Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of blood. Important in blood clotting.

16. Platelets Shape Circular biconvex non-nucleated Size 2 – 4 μm Count 1,50,000 – 4,00,000 platelets/μL Life span 5 – 9 days Function Blood clotting

17. Thrombopoiesis The production of platelets is known as thrombopoiesis. Platelets are the fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes that remain in the bone marrow. Increase in number of platelets is known as thrombocytosis Decrease in number of platelets is known as thrombocytopenia

18. Blood C lotting Blood clotting is the process in which blood looses its fluidity and becomes a jelly like mass few minutes after it is shed out.

19. RBC Antigens & Blood Typing T h e m o st we ll k no w n a nd m e d i c a lly i m p o r t a nt bl o od types are in the ABO group. They were discovered in 1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the p r o c e ss o f t r y ing to l e a r n w h y blo o d t ra ns f usi o ns s o m e ti m e s c a u se d e a th a n d a t ot h e r t im e s s a ve a p a ti e n t. I n 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases.

20. ABO Blood Type Antigen A Antigen B Antibody anti-A Antibody Anti-B A yes no no yes B no yes yes n o O no no yes yes AB yes yes no n o

21. People with type A blood will have the A antigen on the surface of their red cells . As a result, anti-A antibodies will not be produced by them because they would cause the destruction of their own blood. However, if B type blood is injected into their systems, anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien protein . Agglutination  is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody.

22. Rh Factor Blood Group  The Rh  blood group  system was discovered in 1940 by  Karl Landsteiner  and A.S. Weiner. It is the second most important blood group system, after the  ABO blood group system . Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a  positive  or  negative  suffix after the  ABO  type (e.g., someone who is A Positive has the A antigen and the Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A Negative lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms  Rh factor ,  Rh positive , and  Rh negative  refer to the Rh(D) antigen only.