BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND HAZARDS.Physiology pptx

BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND HAZARDS.Physiology

1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION AND HAZARDS

2. INDEX BLOOD TRANSFUSION INDICATIONS PURPOSES GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING RH BLOOD TYPES TYPES OF TRANSFUSION GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS CLINICAL ASPECTS: HAZARDS OF TRANSFUSION ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS TREATMENT/ MANAGEMENT COLLECTION OF BLOOD FOR TRANSFUSION AND ITS STORAGE

3. BLOOD TRANSFUSION Transfer of blood or blood components from one person to another person. Administered through an intravenous( IV ) line. Person who donates blood: DONOR Person who receives blood: RECEIVER -RECIPIENT

4. INDICATIONS Blood loss: accidents, surgical operations Blood disorders: hemophilia, clotting disorders Blood diseases: severe anemia, leukemia Poisoning: Carbon Monoxide poisoning Acute infections or fever × Shock- haemorrhagic

5. PURPOSES- Restoration of blood volume Maintaining hemoglobin level To provide antibodies To treat plasma protein, clotting factor deficiencies To improve leukocyte count Replacing old blood with hemolytic agents with new blood

6. GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING People with blood group AB: no antibodies in blood (UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS) People with blood group O: no antigens in blood (UNIVERSAL DONORS)

7. RH BLOOD TYPES Type D antigen: most common RH factor Blood with D antigen: RH positive blood Blood without D antigen: RH negative blood RH positive people – can receive either RH positive or RH negative blood RH negative people – can receive only RH negative blood

8. TYPES OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSION : collection and subsequent reinfusion of patient’s own blood ALLOGENIC/HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION : transfusion of blood from donor to recipient of same species RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS PLASMA TRANSFUSIONS

9. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS/PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED It is necessary to type and screen the recipient’s blood Donor should be free from diseases such as cancer, jaundice, AIDS or other communicable disease . Donor must have normal vital signs Donor should be physically active fit Blood should not be collected on an empty stomach or in conditions of dehydration Donor should not have undergone any recent surgery of any type No RH negative female at any age before menopause should ever be given a RH positive blood transfusion Proper aseptic measures must be taken during transfusion reaction. Careful watch on recipient’s condition. All patients being transfused must be positively identified ×

10. CLINICAL ASPECT:HAZARDS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION Occurs due to mismatch of blood groups of donor and recipient Red blood cells of donor blood get agglutinated Causes: ABO incompatibility Allergic reactions to the WBCs, platelets or plasma proteins of transfused blood Preservatives used in the blood like sodium citrate Complications of transfusion : Circulatory overload, infiltration, haematoma, pulmonary embolism, haemosiderosis

11. COMPLICTIONS CONTINUED… Post hemolytic jaundice: Hemolysed RBCs eventually lead to hemolytic jaundice Severe haemoglobinuria and renal failure Mechanical overloading: Hypervolemia Pyrogenic reactions: Fevers with chills and rigor Allergic reactions: Rashes, anaphylactic shock Anaphylactic reactions: cyanosis, tachycardia, hypotension Transmission of diseases like malaria, AIDS, jaundice etc.

12. ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS Special case of RH incompatibility Also called “hemolytic disease of the newborn” Does not usually affect the first child Chances of incidence increases with subsequent pregnancies Clinical manifestations: Anemia, Kernicterus

13. TREATMENT/ MANAGEMENT Rapid recognition is important: transfusion should be stopped immediately Broad spectrum IV antibiotics If required, oxygen therapy and intravenous diuretics should be used appropriately. Therapy of shock, steroids, maintenance of renal function, respiratory ventilation to be used Anti D antibody is administered to expectant mothers as well as RH negative women who deliver RH positive babies for prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis Administration of antipyretics like paracetamol and anti-histamine such as diphenhydramine prior to transfusion

14. COLLECTION OF BLOOD FOR TRANSFUSION AND ITS STORAGE Typically 450 ml collected from antecubital vein of donor for transfusion Collected blood kept in flexible plastic bag Chemicals used: Sodium Citrate, Phosphate buffers, dextrose, adenine Blood stored for upto 35 days at 4°C

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