bloodgroups-200715033543 DETAIL (1).pptx

BLOOD GROUP IN DETAIL

1. Blood Groups & Blood Typing Dr. Surabhi Tomar Dept. of pedodontics Chandra Dental College & Hospital By

2. Contents Blood Groups & Various types Agglutinins and agglutinogens Land Steiner’s law Cross matching Erythroblastsis fetalis Blood transfusion and transfusion reactions Importance of blood Grouping

3. History I n the year of 1901 Karl Land Steiner discovered the classical ABO system and was given Nobel Prize in 1930.

4. ➤Jansk ý is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) in 1907, which remains in use today. ➤ Reuben Ottenberg successfully transfused blood between two people at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He was the first person to record pre-transfusion testing for blood compatibility in a clinical setting. Later in 1954 he was the first to be awarded with Karl

5. MAJOR Blood Group systems are : ABO system Rh system MNS system MINOR blood group systems: Lutheran Kell Lewis Duffy Bombay, etc …..

6. . Land Steiner’s law If an agglutinogen is present on red blood cells, the corresponding agglutinin must be absent from the plasma. If the particular antigen is absent, the corresponding antibody must be present. Note : The 2 nd law is a fact, but not must . Ex. Absence of Rh antigen is not accompanied by the presence of anti-Rh antibody .

7. A. Classical ABO System

8. Group A Classical ABO System Group B Group AB Group O

9. Classical ABO System Plasma Plasma Plasma Plasma

10. Classical ABO System Blood Type Antigens (Agglutinogens) on Red Blood Cells Antibodies (Agglutinins) in Plasma A A Anti- B B B Anti- A AB A & B None O Neither Anti- A & Anti- B Note : A has 2 sub units: A1 and A2

11. Percentage of Distribution of ABO Blood Groups

12. OLIGOSACCH, fucose transferase N AGA transfera MOLECULE FORMED RBC Fucose B. Inheritance of ABO System [Formation of the A antigen] N- acetylgalactosamine

13. * 3. Basis of ABO Blood Group ABO agglutinogens The outer surface of RBC containing ‘H ag” is the basic ag found in all individuals In case of ag A, N acetyl galactosamine as terminal sugar on H ag In ag B the terminal sugar is galactose In AB persons both transferases are present while in O group none of the enzymes present.

14. Formation of the B antigen Glucose Galactose N- acetylglucosamine Galactose RBC Fucose Galactose

15. *4. How an individual gets his/her Blood Group Gene received from parents Group of of offspring Genotype A+A A AA A+O A AO B+B B BB B+O B BO A+B AB AB O+O O OO

16. B lood Typing/grouping/matching Note : Typing is done on the basis of agglutination

17. Compatibility between the donors cells and recipients serum , A , B , AB AB , A , B , Type Antigen Anti- Body Donate To Receive From A A Anti - B A o r AB A or O B B Anti - A B or AB B or O AB A + B Neither AB Universal Receiver O None Both Universal Donor O

18. RBC Compatibility

19. *6. Effects of ABO Incompatible blood transfusion Immediate effects: Fever, chills nausea, vomiting, chest pain, back pain and rigor Delayed effects: Jaundice, cardiac shock and renal shut down

20. II. Rh Blood group system Landsteiner and Weiner discovered this group in 1940. *7. Rh factor Rh factor is an ag present in RBC First discovered in Rhesus monkey so named as Rh factor The person having D ag are called Rh +ve and without D ag are called Rh- ve Importance: Erythroblastosisfetalis is the condition occur because of Rh incompatibility

21. ➤The Rh blood group system is one of thirty-five current human blood group systems. ➤It is the most important blood group system after ABO. ➤Rh blood group system consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among them there are six common types of Rh antigens.

22. [10:28 am, 12/2/2025] Surabhi Tomar: ➤Each of which is called an Rh factor. These types are designated C,D, E, c, d, and e. [10:29 am, 12/2/2025] Surabhi Tomar: ➤The type D antigen is widely prevalent in the population and considerably more antigenic than the other Rh antigens. ➤ Anyone who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive, whereas a person who does not have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative.

23. Rh

24. Exercise- 1

25. Rh group- applied aspect Transfusion reactions:

26. About 1 in 10 pregnancies involve an Rh- negative mother and an Rh- positive father Haemolytic disease of new born [HDN]

27. 3. The HDN is associated with the following features Haemolytic anaemia b. Erythro blastosis fetalis: Due to excess destruction of RBSs there is an increased production of RBS’s not only from the bone marrow but also from liver and spleen Due to rapid destruction, blast cells are released into the circulation called EBF.

28. Symptoms and signs in the newborn: •Anemia that creates the newborn's pallor (pale appearance). Jaundice or yellow discoloration of the newborn's skin, sclera or mucous membrane. •Enlargement of the newborn's liver and spleen. •Severe edema of the entire body. •Dyspnea or difficulty breathing.

29. Blood film of a fetus affected by HDN showing increased number of normaoblasts

30. e C. Kernicterus : Due to haemolysis excess bilirubin is formed. This causes jaundice. The excess bilirubin enters th brain and causes permanent damage D. Hydrops fetalis: The fetus may develop oedema of all the organs leading to the intra uterine death.

31. Prevention By marriage counseling Rh- ve mother with Rh +ve fetus should be administered anti- D abs at 28 th and 34 th weeks of gestation Rh- ve mother with Rh +ve fetus- anti D abs are given immediately after 1 st delivery within 48h . to neutralize the ags that would have entered the mothers blood

32. *8. Treatment of [HDN] Erythroblastosisfetalis Exchange transfusion: Is replacement of newborn baby’s blood with Rh- ve blood. Baby’s Rh +ve blood is removed slowly an about 400ml of Rh-ve is infused is called exchange transfusion

33. III. MNS System In 1921,Landsteinerand & Levine discovered this blood group They are used in medico legal cases like parent dispute etc., *9. Medico- legal Importance Any red stain on a clotting may be claimed to be a supposed victim Therefore it is first confirmed that it is really a human blood Blood Group of extracted sample can be then prove or disprove the claim of the victim In doubtful cases DNA finger printing would help.

34. IV. Bombay Blood Group This is the rare blood group in which H ag is absent, Since there is no H ag there is no ag A or ag B on RBC. However, the plasma contains anti- A, anti-B and anti- H abs. As a result , such a person can receive blood only from person having Bombay blood group

35. Importance of Blood Groups To avoid transfusion reactions of blood Medico legal cases like disputed parented age and to find out the criminals Research purposes as some blood groups are associated with a high incidence of certain disease For matching the tissues during organ transplantation For preventing development of HDN

36. Blood Transfusion

37. Transfusion: The 1 st blood transfusion was made in 1667 by Dr. Jean Baptiste. Sheep blood was transfused to a 15 yr old boy. Transfusion is done to restore blood volume when there is a decrease in blood volume. Ex. Hemorrhage, burns ,dehydration, severe anaemia and surgery

38. Blood Substitutes When the required blood group is not available we give blood substitutes Ex: Packed RBCs, Platelet conc., plasma, saline, volume expanders, Albumin and clotting factor concentrate Collection of Blood: About 350-500ml of blood depending on the Hb level

39. Effect of storage Blood is stored in siliconized bottles in blood banks at 4˚c An anticoagulant ACD / CPD is used for preventing clotting *10. Blood undergoes the following changes during storage Increases in Na + , decrease in K + with net increase in water As a result the cell swells and is susceptible to haemolysis, after 20 days most of RBC get lysed.

40. Precautions of transfusion Select healthy donor for transfusion Matching and typing should be done Before we use the blood, it should be warmed to the normal body temp. Transfusion should be done at a slower rate Whole blood transfusion Autologous transfusion Blood doping

41. Treatment Stop transfusion immediately on signs of incompatibility To suppress reaction, corticosteroids and Antihistamines are also administered If anuria is present , dialysis is given till the kidney function is recovered Anaemia may be treated suitably Osmotic dieresis should be induced

42. The genotype combination may be Mom Dad Offspring Blood Group AA BB 100% AB BO OO 50% each of B or O OO OO 100% O OO AO 50% each of A or O

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