Body clock

this presentation gives in depth information of phenomenon that is associated with our body and organ systems. the content has been explained conceptually and practically so we can relate with our practical life.

1. SCIENCE WEEK POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BODY CLOCK

2. WHAT IS BODY CLOCK? An internal mechanism in organisms that controls the periodicity of various functions or activities, such as metabolic changes, sleep cycles, or photosynthesis. Biological clock is also known as body clock.

3. A master clock in the brain coordinates all the biological clocks in a living thing, keeping the clocks in sync. The master clock is a group of about 20,000 nerve cells (neurons) that form a structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The SCN is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus and receives direct input from the eyes WHAT IS A MASTER CLOCK?

4. A  circadian rhythm   is any biological process that display san endogenous,  untrainable oscillation of about 24 hours. These 24-hour rhythms are driven by a circadian clock, and they have been widely observed in plants, animals, fungi, and cyanobacteria. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

5. Ninety minutes before dawn in the eastern United States, the Nobel committee announced that it was awarding this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to three American biologists for their research on the control of circadian rhythms.  Jeffrey C. Hall at the University of Maine, Michael Rosebush at Brandeis University and Michael W. Young at the Rockefeller University share the prize for their discoveries of the genetic and biomolecular mechanisms that help the cells of plants and animals (including humans) mark the 24-hour cycle of day and night.  DISCOVERY OF BODY CLOCK

6. Sleep and Waking 2. Body Temperature 3. The balance of body fluids 4. Other body functions such as when you feel hungry 24 hour body clock is responsible for following controls in body

7. SLEEP AND WAKING

8. Body clock sleep problems have been linked to a hormone called melatonin, which helps your body fall and stay asleep. Light and dark affect how the body makes melatonin. Most melatonin is made at night . During the day, light tells your body to make less melatonin. If you work at night in artificial light, your body may be making less melatonin than it needs.

9. BODY TEMPERATURE

10. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can cause a person to feel too hot, while an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause a person to feel too cold. The thyroid produces hormones that are able to influence how much the blood vessels dilate. In turn, this affects how much heat can escape the body.

11. THE BALANCE OF BODY FLUIDS

12. Aldosterone is a key steroid hormone critical for maintaining salt and water balance. It regulates the concentration of minerals, like sodium and potassium, in the fluid outside your cells. When your sodium levels drop, or potassium levels rise, your body signals your adrenal glands to release aldosterone into your blood . Aldosterone signals your kidneys to reabsorb sodium into the blood, and acts on your sweat glands to reduce sodium loss through sweat. Aldosterone

13. The hormones that regulate fluid balance are tightly controlled through a region of your brain called the hypothalamus . It's situated at the base of the brain and acts as the control center for various hormones that regulate a wide variety of physiological processes, including salt and water balance . A tumor or problem in this area of the brain can cause inadequate secretion of hormones, which disrupts fluid balance and other critical processes. Hypothalamus Involvement

14. OTHER BODY FUNCTIONS SUCH AS WHEN YOU FEEL HUNGRY

15. Leptin is a hormone, made by fat cells, that decreases your appetite. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite, and also plays a role in body weight . Levels of leptin -- the appetite suppressor -- are lower when you're thin and higher when you're fat . But many obese people have built up a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin, says obesity expert Mary Dallman, PhD, from University of California at San Francisco.

16. THERE ARE 3 MORE TYPES OF CLOCKS IN OUR BODY 1. EPIGENTIC CLOCK 3. CIRCADIAN CLOCK 2. MOLECULAR CLOCK

17. An epigenetic clock is a type of a molecular age estimation method based on DNA methylation levels. Pre-eminent examples for epigenetic clocks are Horvath's clock, which applies to all human tissues/cells, and Hannum's clock, which applies to blood. 1. EPIGENTIC CLOCK

18. The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The bimolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or amino acid sequences for proteins. The benchmarks for determining the mutation rate are often fossil or archaeological dates. The molecular clock was first tested in 1962 on the haemoglobin protein variants of various animals, and is commonly used in molecular evolution to estimate times of speciation or radiation. It is sometimes called a gene clock or an evolutionary clock. 2. MOLECULAR CLOCK

19. A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time. 3. CIRCADIAN CLOCK

20. SOME REAL LIFE EXAMPLES WHERE WORKING OF HORMONES TAKES PLACE

21. At least one example of human experience involving interference with the body clock relates to conditions completely outside people's control. This is the situation of the "white nights" or "midnight sun," whereby regions in the extreme north—Russia, Alaska, and Scandinavia—undergo periods of almost constant daylight from mid-May to late July. During those times people often line their windows with dark material to make it easier to go to sleep in a world where the Sun is nearly as bright at 3:00 A.M. as it is at 3:00 P.M. The situation is even more pronounced in Antarctica WHITE LIGHT

22. Jet lag is a physiological condition which results from alterations to the body's circadian rhythms North–south flights that do not cross time zones do not cause jet lag. However, crossing of the Arctic Ocean or even the North Pole (often the shortest route between northeast Europe and Alaska or the Canadian West Coast and East Asia) does cause a significant time change. In general, adjustment to the new time zone is faster for east–west travel than for west–east. A westward adjustment takes, in days, approximately half the number of time zones crossed; for eastward travel, adjusting to the new time zone takes, in days, approximately two-thirds the number of time zones crossed.

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