Body Fluids.serologyyyyyy2024403254.pptx

Forensic science

1. Body Fluids Dr. Anu Singla (Associate Professor and Head of Department) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP (284128) E-content *For academic purpose only

2. Body Fluids Human body is largely composed of water (50% - 60%) which is distributed inside the cells (intracellular) and outside the cells (extracellular). Apart from water body fluids also contain electrolytes, urea, glucose, hormones, proteins, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Depending on the location, the composition and amount vary. Body fluids include blood, lymph, milk, semen, saliva, sweat, etc., which are produced in the body and then either circulated within the body or secreted outside it. Body fluids is essential for various physiological processes and the maintenance of body homeostasis.

3. Forensic Importance of Bodily Fluids Body Fluid traces are found at crime scenes are the most valuable types of biological evidence to Forensic Investigation. The accurate identification of these body fluids provide great significance to reconstruct the crime scene and helps to identify suspects or victims. Body fluids deposited on a variety of surfaces, so their collection and identification should be very sensitive . They contain DNA evidence which is used to individualize the person. Body fluids found at crime scene are extensively used forensic lab to solve a crime. Forensically Important fluids

4. Blood Blood is the most valuable evidence found in violent crime scene. It is defined as the complex fluid connective tissues comprising of a liquid portion, plasma, and cellular components.

5. Preliminary tests of blood Kastle – Meyer test : Phenolphthalein gives pink colour with blood stain in presence of hydrogen peroxide. Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) : Hemastix strip produce green - blue color with blood. Luminol : give blue luminescence with blood. Serum Method Ouchterlony double diffusion Crossover Electrophoresis Rapid Immunoassay Human DNA quantification Species determination from blood Blood: Examination

6. Microcrystalline test used as confirmatory test of blood includes TAKAYAMA and TEICHMAN test Teichman Test or Hematin crystal assay Blood: Examination Takayama Test or Hemochromogen crystal assay

7. On Absorbent Material 1. Cut the material, air dry and packaged separately. 2. Cut out a control sample. Packaging : Dried blood should be packaged in paper and labelled. 1. Wet Blood : For large volume, spoon or suck up with a disposable pipette, used syringe for collection. Packaging : Glass Vials 2. Dry Blood : For large volume, using a scalpel scrape into a small rigid plastic container. For small volume rub a piece of moistened cotton through the stain. Filter paper or rag used with moistened saline water. On Non-absorbent material Collection and packaging of blood Preservative: Sodium Fluoride ( NaF ), Potassium oxalate, or EDTA

8. Saliva Saliva is the fluid that moistens the mouth. It is secreted from three sets of salivary glands. Screening Test of Saliva Saliva contains an salivary amylase (ptyalin) which when added to starch hydrolyses it in presence of iodine produce bluish black color. Saliva does not give specific precipitin test.

9. Collection Cotton swabbing with 1-2 drops of distilled water Place the dried swab or lifted material in a clean, dry paper envelope or container. Avoid using plastic bags that can trap moisture and hinder drying. Packaging FORENSIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SALIVA

10. Visual or Alternating light source Semen can be visualized by ultraviolet or modern light source it gives fluorescence due to the presence of Flavin and choline conjugated protein. The color of fluorescence varies from yellow to blue depending upon light source. Acid Phosphatase test Semen Semen is produced by male sex organs. It constitutes of cellular component (spermatozoa) and fluid component (seminal plasma). In one ejaculation 2-5 ml of semen containing 60 – 150 millions sperms cell ejaculate. Presumptive Tests of Semen This test is based on the presence of acid phosphatase enzyme present in human semen.

11. Confirmatory test: Microscopic Examination The shape and dimension of the human spermatozoa is unique. The most usual stain is Christmas tree stain because of the bright color. Other stains are Malachite green + Eosin and Haematoxylin + Eosin Biological Tests – Precipitin reaction with anti- human semen serum (or anti-human blood serum in the case of secretory only) and specific blood group anti- sera are employed. The former determines whether it is human semen and later determines the blood group of the secretor.

12. Urine Urine is a clear, transparent fluid that normally has an amber color (due to presence of Urochrome enzyme). It is an aqueous solution largely composed of water. Urea is the most abundant waste product in urine., resulting from elimination of ammonia that is produced from the metabolic process of amino acids. Composition of Urine

13. Test for Urine 1. TEST FOR CREATININE (Jaffe Test) a. Urine + picric acid + benzene creatinine picrate red precipitate This test is known as Jaffe test. b. Urine + sodium nitroprusside blue color precipitate This test is known as Salkowski test. 2. TEST FOR UREA Urine + NaOH + Nesseler's Reagent reddish orange precipitate 3. TEST FOR CHLORIDES Urine + NaCl crystals + HNO3 + AgNO3 white precipitate 4. TEST FOR CARBONATES Urine + HCl slight effervescence

14. Collection and packaging 1. Urine from person: Reference samples are collected from the suspects and victims in the vials. 2. Liquid urine specimen at crime scene: Liquid urine should be collected with a clean syringe or disposal pipette and transferred to the clean test tube. 3. Dried urine stains: Dried urine stains on garments and other movable objects should be collected separately by collecting the entire item. Each item should be placed in separate paper envelope, and sealed and labeled properly.

15. Refrences Bell, S. (2019). Forensic science: an introduction to scientific and investigative techniques. CRC press. Eckert, W. G. (1996). Introduction to forensic sciences. CRC press. Bell, S. (2008). Encyclopedia of forensic science. Infobase Publishing. Li, R. (2008). Forensic biology: identification and DNA analysis of biological evidence . CRC press. Sharma, B. R. (1974). Forensic science in criminal investigation and trials . Central law agency. Ballou, S., Stolorow , M., Taylor, M., Bamberger, P. S., Brown, L., Brown, R., ... & Stoiloff , S. Technical Working Group on Biological Evidence Preservation . Jequier , A. M. (2010). Semen analysis: a new manual and its application to the understanding of semen and its pathology. Asian journal of andrology , 12(1), 11. Ax, R. L., Dally, M., Didion, B. A., Lenz, R. W., Love, C. C., Varner, D. D., ... & Bellin, M. E. (2000). Semen evaluation. Reproduction in farm animals , 363-375.