Boiling Point

Chemistry

1. Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
University of Zakho
College of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department



Practical Chemistry) LAB)

Name of experiment: Boiling Point

Name of Student: Taha Sameer Ali

Sample of experiment (A)

Date of experiment :20-11-2019

Group(B)

2. Objective: _____________________________________________
the objective is to determine the boiling point of organic
compounds and identification and characterization of
organic compounds and the effects of impurities.

Introduction: __________________________________
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the
surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial
vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is
at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a
higher boiling point than when that liquid is at
atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at 100 °C
(212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905
meters (6,250 ft) [3] altitude. For a given pressure,
different liquids will boil at different temperatures.
The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric
boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point) of
a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of
the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea
level, one atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor
pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome
atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form
inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point has

3. been defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at
which boiling occurs under a pressure of one bar The
heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a
given quantity (a mol, kg, pound, etc.) of a substance from
a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric
pressure). Liquids may change to a vapor at
temperatures below their boiling points through the
process of evaporation. Evaporation is a surface
phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid's
edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that
side, escape into the surroundings as vapor. On the other
hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in
the liquid escape, resulting in the formation of vapor
bubbles within the liquid.

4. Tools:_______________________________________________________________

Rubber



Test tube



Procedure:_________________________________________________________________
1. Place a few milliliters of a known liquid organic compound in a
small test tube.
2. Place the capillary tube into the test tube with the closed end
upward.

5. 3. Clamp the test tube to a ring stand, and immerse a
thermometer in the test tube.
4. Fill a 50 mL beaker 3/4 full with paraffin, and place on the
tripod. Carefully lower the test tube and thermometer
combination into the beaker of paraffin so that the test tube is
immersed half way in the paraffin.
5. Begin to heat slowly. As the liquid approaches its boiling point, a few
bubbles will be observed flowing out of the end of the capillary tube.
When a steady stream of bubbles is observed, turn off the burner
and allow the contents of the test tube to cool.
6. As the contents of the test tube cools, observe the capillary tube
carefully. When the liquid begins to flow into the capillary tube, record
the temperature of the liquid as its boiling point temperature.




Calculation:_______________________________________________________________

We have tested the boiling point of sample (A) and the
results were 102 °C.

6. Discussion:_____________________________________________________________

The beginning of bubbling over of sample (A) it was at
102 °C and according to a references:





Answer to Questions:
1. What is the definition of boiling?
-Boiling is defined as a phase transition from the liquid state to the gas
state, usually occurring when a liquid is heated to its boiling point. At the
boiling point, the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the external
pressure acting upon its surface, Also Known As: Two other words for
boiling are ebullition and vaporization.


Compound Func Groups Boiling point Form
PENTANONE
(DIETHYL
KETONE)
KETONE 102 °C Liquid


PROPYL
ACETATE
ESTER 102 °C Liquid

7. 2. How is boiling affected by pressure?
-The boiling point of something is the point where the vapor pressure
equals or exceeds the atmospheric pressure, as stated previously. As
temperature increases, more and more particles have enough energy to
enter the gas phase. This increases the vapor pressure to equal or
exceed atmosphere pressure, therefore, the liquid boils.

3. How would the boiling point of a liquid
change by:
a) measuring it in Everest?
-Not quite on the top but about 8400 meters is the highest I have boiled
water. It is bubbling away and you can put your hand into it for a short
while without damaging your skin. It is a disaster for boiling anything
solid as you are trying to cook at 20 - 30 degrees less than you would
normally. For example, only he flattest of pasta will cook, boiling the bow
type pasta means that the outside of the bow is all gloopy while the
pressed denser bit in the middle is rock hard.

b)placing the liquid in a pressure cooker?
- Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and
the steam is trapped, the pressure from the steam increases and
pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature.

8. References:______________________________________
* Goldberg, David E. (1988). 3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry (1st
ed.). McGraw-Hill. section 17.43, p. 321. ISBN 0-07-023684-4.
*
Theodore, Louis; Dupont, R. Ryan; Ganesan, Kumar, eds. (1999).
Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st
Century. CRC Press. section 27, p. 15. ISBN 1-56670-495-2

*
http://courses.chem.psu.edu/chem36/Unknown_Lists/unkown
_MPBP2.html

* https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-boiling-604389

* https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-pressure-affect-
the-boiling-point

*https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-boiling-temperature-of-
water-on-Mount-Everest

*https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Pressure_cooking