BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS-WPS Office prasanth.pptx

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic, encapsulated coccobacillus bacterium of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. It causes disease mainly in children.

1. BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS By E. PRASANTH B.Sc MLT II Year..

2. TAXONOMY OF BORDETELLA The genus Bordetella contains 9 species., Bordetella pertussis Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella avium Bordetella hinzii Bordetella holmesii Bordetella trematum Bordetella ansorpii Bordetella pertrii..

3. BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH)

4. DISCOVERY OF B.pertussis The disease pertussis was first described by French physician Guillaume de Baillou after the epidemic of 1578. The causative of pertussis was identified and isolated by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou in 1906.

5. GRAM'S STAINING

6. MORPHOLOGY OF B.pertussis B.pertussis is a gram negative coccobacillus. It is a small ovoid, 1-1.5μmx0.3μm. It is aerobic and encapsulated. It is non-motile and non-sporing.

7. CULTURE OF B.pertussis It is obligate aerobes. Optimum temperature for growth is 35°-37°C . It grows slowly. Incubation period is 48-72hours .

8. Cont... Medium used for isolation are...., Bordet-Gengou (Glycerol potato blood agar). Regan-Lowe medium.

9. Bordet-Gengou agar Regan-Lowe medium

10. Cont... Colony - Small dome shaped, greyish white, refractile, and glistening resemble " Mercury drops/bisected pearls" . Hazy zone of haemolysis around colonies present Confluent growth - Gives an "Alluminium paint appearance".

11. ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND TOXINS Agglutinogens Lipopolysaccharide Heat labile toxin (HLT) Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) Pertussis toxin (PT) Adenylate cyclase (AC) Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)

12. BIO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS Bordetella pertussis is bio-chemically inactive. It is oxidase positive (+) and usually produces catalyse..

13. 1. AGGLUTINOGENS : "FIMBRIAE". They are surface appendages and functions as adhesions. 2. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE : Bordetella pertussis also contain lipopolysaccharide coat that acts as an endotoxin and can aid colonization by agglutinating human cells.

14. 3. HEAT LABILE TOXIN (HLT) DERMONECROTIC TOXIN . It is heat labile toxin and is considered contributes to localized tissue destruction in human infections, although further studies are needed to confirm its role in the mechanism of pathogenicity of B.pertussis. 4. TRACHEAL CYTOTOXIN (TCT) This is disaccharide-tetrapeptide,derived from peptidoglycan, kills respiratory epithelial cells by a complex mechanintracellular interleukin 1 and nitric odixe. Ciliostasis.

15. 5. PERTUSSIS TOXIN It is composed of two units A and B., Unit A - Active component of toxin. Unit B - Binding component. Toxin can be toxided. (PT toxin is the major component of the acellular pertussis vaccine.

16. 6. Adenylate cyclase (AC) The Adenylate cyclase toxin ( CyA ) of B.pertussis is a major factor required for the early phases of lung colonization. It can invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin , it catalyses the formation of unregulated cAMP levels. This may be inhibits the phagocytic cell activity. 7. Filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) It is the cell surface protein. Filamentous haemagglutinin 1, 2 and 3. Antigenic. It is an important component of acellular pertussis vaccine.

17. VIRULENCE The virulence factors includes adhesins such as filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbriae and pertactin, which allow B.pertussis to bind to ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract.

18. PATHOGENICITY WHOOPING COUGH Incubation period is 1-2 weeks 3 stages-Catarrhal, Paroxysmal and Convalescent. It is most dangerous for babies, but adultdand teens are actually more likely to get the illness. When older children or adults get it, they won't know it. It may seem like just a cold with a cough that lingers.

19. Stages of Whooping Cough

20. SYMPTOMS OF WHOOPING COUGH Coughing violently, and rapidly until all the air has left the lungs and person is forced to inhale, causing a "whooping sound" Sneezing. Nasal discharge. Fever Sore, watery eyes. Lips, tongue and nailbeds may turn blue during cough spells....

21. COMPLICATIONS Subconjuctival haemorrhage, subcutaneous emphysema Bronchopneumonia and lung collapse. Neurological complications like epilepsy, paralysis, retardation, blindness and deafness.

22. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 1. Microscopy : Microscope diagnosis is made by demonstration of the bacilli in respiratory secretions by the fluorescent antibody technique. 2. Culture : a) The per nasal swab A swab is passed along the floor of the nasal cavity and material collected from the pharyngeal wall. The swab is inoculated on Bordet- Gengou medium.

23. Cont.... b)The Cough Plate Method A Bordet- Gengou culture plate is held 10-15cm in front of the patient's mouth during a bout of coughing so that the cough droplets directly inoculate the medium. c) The Postnasal (per oral) Swab A West's Postnasal swab is passed through mouth to collect posterior pharyngeal wall secretions. Medium employed is Bordet- Gengou medium. Plates are incubated at 35° - 36°C for 3-5 days. Typical colonies of B.pertussis are confirmed by Microsoft and slide agglutination with specific antisera.

24. 3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) PCR is a preferred method for the direct detection of B.pertussis and B.parapertussis from a nasopharyngeal swab or a nasopharyngeal aspirate. 4. Serology Rise in titre of antibodies may be demonstrated in paired sera samples by agglutination, complement fixation test and immunofluorescent test.

25. PROPHYLAXIS

26. 1.Immunisation of infants and children with killed B.pertussis vaccine is very effective. 2. Three intramuscular injections at intervals of 4-6 weeks are givenbefore the age of six months followed by booster dose at the end of the first year of life. 3. Vaccination is usually started at the age of 6 weeks. 4. Pertussis vaccine is generally administeredcombination with diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid (DPT). B.pertussis acts as an adjuvant for the toxoids, producing better antibody response.