Botanical nomenclature

Botany, nomenclature, taxonomy

1. BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE SEM-IV ROLL-91 DEPT. OF BOTANY NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY PRESENTED BY SAIKAT JANA

2. Carl Linnaeus 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778 The system of naming of a plant. After determination of a new taxon based on some important charecteristics it becomes essential to give a scientific name. Father of nomenclature– Carl Linnaeus With the help of this procedure, one can communicate his discovery to the world. ● WHAT IS BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE

3. Scientific name is a universal name of a plant or animal which is used uniformly throughout the scientific world. E.g.– Paddy is called different names in different regions of India such as ‘Dhan’ in West Bengal, ‘Dhana’ in Odisa, ‘Nellu’ in Tamil Nadu etc. But the scientific name Oryza sativa is uniformly used throughout the scientific world. ● WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC NAME Oryza sativa

4. ● RULES OF NOMENCLATURE 1. RANKS OF TAXA ● The taxa indicate the taxonomic groups of any rank. ● The rank of species is the basic unit and the successive higher taxa are genus, family, order, class,d division and kingdom ● Thus species included under a genus, genus under a family, family under an order and so on. ● The code also provides that the name of each taxon of different rank should end with specific manner. TAXON SUFFIX Division -phyta Sub-division -icae Class -opsida Sub-class -idae Order -ales Sub-order -ineae Family -aceae Sub-family -oideae Tribe -eae Sub-tribe -ineae

5. 2. RULES OF PRIORITY There are more than one name for the same taxon. In this situation, the 1 st validly published name of a taxon becomes it’s valid name. Others names will be considered as synonyms. E.g.- Valid generic name– Mondo i. The name Mondo was given by Adanson in 1763. ii. The same plant was named as Ophipogon by Kerk Gawl in 1807. So the name Mondo was retained as valid name and Ophiopogon is the synonym. Mondo grass

6. 3. NOMENCLATURAL TYPES N omenclatural type is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached. It is an individual herbarium specimen mounted on a sheet. If the specimen can’t be preserved in dried format should be recorded by diagnostic drawing, photographs and proper description.

7. Some terms commonly used in the nomenclatural types– HOLOTYPE It is the one specimen or other element used or designed by the author as the nomenclatural type. B. ISOTYPE It is a duplicate copy of the holotype. During collection, several plants or branches of a plant are collected. At that time one is selected as holotype and rest are considered as isotopes . C. LECTOTYPE Lectotype is a specimen or other element selected from the original material to serve as nomenclatural type when no holotype was designed at tha time of publication.

8. D. SYNTYPE If the author does not select a single holotype from the multiple collections and use all or more than one specimen, then the specimens are called subtype. E. NEOTYPE When all original materials are missing, an other element selected to serve as nomenclatural type. That is known as neotype. F. PARATYPE It is a specimen other than an isotype or a synotype cited by author while describing a taxon.

9. 4. EFFECTIVE AND VALID PUBLICATION Publication regarding new name of a plant with taxon is effective only when the printed matter is distributed to the botanists or or atleast to botanical institution with libraries accessible to botanists. The publication of name of new taxa is considered as valid only when it will fulfil the following conditions– i. Publication must be effective. ii. It must be accompanied by a description of a taxon or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description. iii. It must be accompanied by a Latin diagnosis or reference to a previously and effectively published Latin diagnosis.

10. 5. REJECTION OF NAMES A name is rejected due to misapplication or difference in taxonomic judgement. Some rules have been framed for the rejection of names. These are– SUPERFLUOUS NAME The name which is given to a taxon when already some name is present. HOMONYM It is the same name given to other taxon. TAUTONYNS The species name repeats exactly the generic name. NOMEN NUDUM The names, those are published without any description.

11. ● WHAT IS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming plants and animals by giving each name composed of two parts. First part is the generic name and last part is the specific part. E.g.– Triticum aestivum Here, Triticum is genus and aestivum is the species. Triticum aestivum

12. ● RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE The name must be decide into two parts. 1 st part always denotes the genus and 2 nd part denotes the species. Genus and sprecord are always underlined separately. Generic name always starts with capital letter and all others in small letter. Always add the author’s name with the scientific name. E.g.– Oryza sativa L. “L” indicates the name of Linnaeus.

13. ● WHAT IS TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ◆ Sometimes, a scientific name consist of three parts which indicates generic, specific and sub-specific names. ◆ It was given by Lamarck. ◆ E.g.– Brassica oleracea capitata (Cabbage) Brassica oleracea capitata

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